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Detections of Pathogens


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[Front]


What are the 3 stages of the innate immunity
[Back]


Recognition Activation Elimination

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11 questions
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What are the 3 stages of the innate immunity
Recognition Activation Elimination
What receptors recongise PAMPs and DAMPs and where is it located
Pattern Recognition Receptors are located in Cytoplasm Endosomes Cell membrane
When PRRs are triggered what is induced
Induce phagocytosis Induce apoptosis Inflammatory mediators Complement proteins Initiate opsonisation Secrete inferno cytokine pro cytokines
What are the 3 transcription factors released by TLR activation
AP-1 --> induces apoptosis NF-kB --> induces formation of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha IRFs --> stimulates production of interferon type I
What is the corelation between NOD like receptors and gout
Gout is due to the build up of uric crystals, NOD-like receptors will sense this and initiate an inflammatory response leading to the swollen joint appearance
NLRP-3 activates and what happens
Once it is activated, it oligomerises with an adapter protein and an inactive form of caspase 1 to form an inflammasome which activates IL-1beta which leads to the recruitment leukocytes and induces fever
What is a antiviral defense
When viral nucleic acid is recongised by the TLR, it leads to the production of type I interferon which leads to the degradation of viral nucliec acid and viral replication and enhances the ability of NK cells
What are the 3 complement pathways
Classical --> antigen-antibody complexes and certain negatively charged structures Alternatives --> Activated by several molecules found on microbial surfaces , it spontaneous activation Mannose -Binding Lectin Pathway --> several carbohydrates found on the microbial surfaces
What substance do all 3 pathways of the Complement activation lead to
C3 convertase ( C3a and C3b ) C3a is a much more active form compared to C3b which is more of a binding form ( opsonization ). C3b is then converted into C5a/C5b, C5b is then converted into the membrane attack complex. MAC will then insert proteins into the pathogen membrane and cause cell lysis
Function of the complement system
Opsonisation and phagocytosis --> C3b and C5b bind to the microbes and allow attachment to phagocytes that express C3b receptors Inflammation --> C5a and C3a attract leukocytes which promotes leukocyte recruitment ( inflammation ) Osmotic lysis --> MAC
What type of bacteria are resistant to the MAC
Gram positive bacteria resistant to MAC cause of their thick peptidoglycan wall