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Introduction to Infection


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[Front]


Opsonisation meaning
[Back]


process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis.

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Opsonisation meaning
Process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis.
PRR is short for what
Pattern recognition receptors
PAMP and DAMP short for what?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns Damage associated molecular patterns
What are Oligomerises
Converts monomers into complex through fine polymerisation
Why are second signals required
To ensure lymphocytes do not differenitate for non-infectious substances
In the comploment system, what are the 3 types of initiation
Classical, Alternate and Mannan-binding Lectin
What are the 2 types of bacteria and what are the differences?
Gram positive - Bacteria cell wall made out of peptidoglycan Gram negaitve - Bacteria cell wall made out of peptidoglycan but also has a an outer membrane of lipopolysacchiride which is not found in the +ive bacteria.
How can you differentiate between gram positive and gram negative
Gram stain +ive - stain purple -ive - stain red/pink since the stain cannot keep the colour due to the thin layer of peptidoglycan being under the LPS.
What is Zoonosis
Pathogens found in animals that maybe transferred to humans coming in direct/indirect contact
What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins
Exotoxins --> These are released by bacterial cells and act at tissue sites Endotoxins --> Lipopolysaccharides present on part of the outer layer of gram negative cell walls
Mechanism of Botulism
Caused by Clostridium Botulinum --> commonly found in the soil and in numerous animal intestines When it or its toxins are ingested with food, it is absorbed into the bloodstream until they reach the Peripheral Nervous System. Where it then inhibits the release of Acetylcholine neurotransmitters leading to flaacid paralysis , muscle weakening and respiratory arrest
Mechanism of infection of Cholera toxin
Has 2 subunits A / B 1. One of the B subunits bind to the glycoprotein receptor resulting in cleavage of the A subunits 2. The A part enters the cell cytoplasm and activates adenylate cyclase 3. Adenyl cycalse converts ATP into cAMP 4. The cAMP stimulates secretion of electrolytes from the cell into the lumen 5. Water typically flows towards the highest conc. of electrolytes so water leaves resulting in diarrhoea
Mechanism of infection for tetanus
Tetanus usually occurs when a wound becomes contaminated with Clostridium Tetani , this produces a powerful toxin called tetanospasmin The toxin binds to motor nerves that control muscles and inhibits the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters leading to muscle spasms and continuous contractions