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level: Level 1 of FINALS

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of FINALS

QuestionAnswer
normal residents of the oral cavitybacterial taxa, several fungal species, few protozoal genera and many viruses
defined as the pathological state of disease caused by the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms within the bodyInfection
Occurrence of infectious disease is determined by theinteraction of the host, the organism and the environment
A large proportion of infections of the _______ region are of odontogenic originhead and neck
The routes by which the infection can spread arelymphatic system, blood stream, directly through tissues
Factors affecting the ability of the infection to spread depend ontype and virulence of the organism, general health of the patient, anatomical site of the initial infection
Spread of Infection from Maxillary Teethmaxillary sinus, canine fossa, palatal space, infratemporal fossa, buccal space, and vestibular space
spread of cavernous sinus thrombosis frominfratemporal fossa, canine fossa
Spread of Infection from Mandibular Teethvestibular and buccal space, pterygomandibular space, sublingual space, submandibular space, and submental space
submandibular spacessublingual, submental, and submandibular spaces
inflammation of bone caused by an infecting organism.OSTEOMYELITIS
localized inflammation of bone; spread to marrow, cortex, periosteum and soft tissueACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS (ETIOLOGY): Acute inflammation of the bone and bone marrow of the mandible and maxilla results most often from extension of aperiapical abscess
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS (ETIOLOGY): The second most common cause of acute osteomyelitis is ____physical injury
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS (ETIOLOGY): bacteriastaphylococci and streptococci
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS (ETIOLOGY): It can occur in normal daily activities such as conduction oral hygiene and after minor medical procedure.bacteremia
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS: primary feature of this inflammatory processPain
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS: Other signs and symptoms of acute infection are commonly presentPyrexia, painful lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS: Paresthesia of the lower lip occasionally occurs with mandibular involvement. In the development of a clinical differential diagnosis, the presence of this symptom should also suggest malignant _______.mandibular neoplasms
True or False: Acute osteomyelitis cannot be seen radiographicallyTrue
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS(histology):occupies the marrow spacespurulent exudate
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS(histology):Bony trabeculae show reduced _______ and increased ________osteoblastic activity; osteoclastic resorption
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS(histology):If an area of bone necrosis occurs (sequestrum), osteocytes are lost and the marrow undergoes _____.liquefaction
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS(Treatment): most frequently used antibiotic for the treatment of osteomyelitis caused by MRSA.Vancomycin
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS(Treatment): glycopeptide that must be administered intravenously and has a serum half-life of 6 hoursVancomycin
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS(Treatment): Surgerysequestrectomy; excision with autologous bone replacement
It is a suppurative infection, but suppuration is generally limited and may cease in quiescent periodsCHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS
A defensive response that leads to production of granulation tissue which subsequently forms dense scar tissue in an attempt to wall off the infected areaCHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS
sequelae of acute osteomyelitisCHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS
It is an unusual reaction of bone to infection, tissue reacts to infection by proliferation rather than destruction.CHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
other name for CHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITISCondensing Osteitis
usually the tooth involved in Condensing OsteitisMandibular first molars
Condensing Osteitis is usually found throughroutine radiographic examination
Radiographic Features: Well circumscribed radiopaque mass of sclerotic bone surrounding and extending below the apex of the rootCHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
Radiographic Features: Radiopacity stands in distinct contrast to the trabeculation of normal boneCHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
CHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS: PDLWidened
CHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS(Histologic Features): dense, irregular bone with some intermingledfibrous tissue
CHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS(Histologic Features): Dense mass of bony trabeculae with little _____ tissue.interstitial marrow
CHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS(Histologic Features): If the interstitial soft tissue is present then it is generally _________ with a small number of only lymphocytes.fibrotic and infiltrated
CHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS: treatmenttreated endodontically or can be extracted
CHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS: The dense area of bone is sometimes not removed ( can be recognized on radiograph even after years which is called a _____).bone scar
Inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent episodes of intense pain in the mandibleCHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
Analogous focal form and also represents a proliferative reaction of bone to low grade infectionCHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS portal of entrydiffuse periodontal disease
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS: common in what ageolder
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS: Specifically seen in association withedentulous mandibular jaw or edentulous area
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS: radiographic appearance from diffuse, patchy sclerosis of the boneCotton wool appearance
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS: diffused/ well defineddiffused
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS(histological features): Dense, irregular trabeculae of bone, some of which are boarded by an active layer of _____.osteoblast
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS(histological features):Focal areas of _____ activities are often seenosteoclastic
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS (histological features): Bone in some lesions shows a _______due to the repeated periods of resorption followed by repair.Mosaic Pattern
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS: treatment that stops inflammationNSAIDs, TNF inhibitors
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS: treatment that prevents loss of bone densitybisphosphonates
is a diffuse inflammation of soft tissues which is not circumscribed or confined to one area in contrast to the abscess, it tends to spread through tissue spaces and along fascial planesCELLULITIS (PHLEGMON)
It occurs as a result of infection by microorganisms that produce significant amounts of streptokinase, hyaluronidase, fibrinolysins, the universal intercellular cement substance, and fibrin.CELLULITIS (PHLEGMON)
Potent producers of hyaluronidase; common causative organism in cases of cellulitis.Streptococci
Anaerobic Microbes (____) that destroy collagen.Prevotella and Porphyromonas
Cellulitis of face and neck are most commonly cause ofapical abscess or osteomyelitis or periodontal infection; Tooth extraction (infected); Jaw fracture
CELLULITIS(clinical features):Painful swelling of the soft tissues involved that are _____ and ______firm and brawny
Clinical Features: The skin is inflamed, has an orange peel appearance and is even purplish sometimes, if the superficial tissue spaces are involved.CELLULITIS (PHLEGMON)
CELLULITIS: usually presentRegional lymphadenitis
CELLULITIS(MAXILLA): There is a perforation of ______ above the buccinatorouter cortical plate
CELLULITIS(MAXILLA): There is swelling on the _____ of the faceupper half
CELLULITIS(MAXILLA): extends towards theeye
CELLULITIS(MANDIBULAR): A perforation below thebuccinator
CELLULITIS(MANDIBULAR): Shows a swelling on the _____ of the facelower half
CELLULITIS(HISTOLOGIC):CELLSpolymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, serous fluid and fibrin
CELLULITIS: WHAT NOT TO DOnot to massage the affected area with any medication
LUDWIG’S ANGINA is named after the german physicistWilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig
an acute, potentially life threatening, toxic cellulitis, beginning usually in the submandibular space and secondarily involving the sublingual and submental spaces as wellLUDWIG’S ANGINA
LUDWIG’S ANGINA: involvement of a _______, either periapical or periodontalmandibular molar
LUDWIG’S ANGINA is a sequelae ofsubmandibular gland sialadenitis, oral soft tissue lacerations, intaoral and perioral piercing
LUDWIG’S ANGINA(location): rapidly developing board-like swellingfloor of the mouth and consequent elevation of the tongue.
LUDWIG’S ANGINA: swelling involves theneck, and edema of the glottis
LUDWIG’S ANGINA(histopathology):Streptococci, Fusiform bacilli and spiral forms, various staphylococci, diphtheroids
LUDWIG’S ANGINA: treatmentmaintenance of airway, antibiotic therapy, extraction, surgical drainage, tracheotomy
A serious condition consisting in the formation of a thrombus in the cavernous sinus or its communicating branches. It can sometimes originate from an upper anterior tooth, the sinuses or noseCAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS: etiologyInfections of the head, face, and intraoral structures above the maxilla
routes by which the infection may reach the cavernous sinus:_____________ carry infection from the face and lipFacial and angular veins
routes by which the infection may reach the cavernous sinus: Dental infection is carried by way of the _____pterygoid plexus.
CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS(clinical features): oedema of the eyelid is associated with _____pulsatile exophthalmos
CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS: Treatmentantibiotics, anticoagulants, surgery
infection or inflammation of the paranasal sinuses or the hollow spaces within the bones of the head surrounding the nose.Sinusitis
ACUTE MAXILLARY SINUSITIS is also known asrhinosinusitis
ACUTE MAXILLARY SINUSITIS: bacteriaS. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis
ACUTE MAXILLARY SINUSITIS: patients may feel numbness in _______________maxillary molars and premolars
ACUTE MAXILLARY SINUSITIS(Symptoms): A sense of fullness or tension around the affected sinus, aggravated on stooping or coughingLocal
ACUTE MAXILLARY SINUSITIS(Symptoms): Rise of temperature, pulse rate and other symptoms of generalized toxemia.Generalized
ACUTE MAXILLARY SINUSITIS(Examinations): Anterior Rhinoscopy shows congestion and swelling of thenasal mucosa
ACUTE MAXILLARY SINUSITIS(Examinations): Posterior Rhinoscopy shows ____________- sticking to the boundaries of the postgeneralized congestion and discharge
A small bulb placed in patient’s mouth in a dark room lits the skull and sinusesTran-illumination Test
Ultrasonic examination of sinus to differentiate fluid or mucosal thickening from a solid growth.Sinogram
Physical examination of sinus by a fibroptic sinoscopeSinoscopy
Imaging studies are indicated for refractory or recurrent sinusitisCT Scan
Used to access soft tissues changes and to evaluate the extent of sinus tumor.MRI Scan
ACUTE MAXILLARY SINUSITIS(histopathology):squamous metaplasia of the specialized ciliated columnar epithelium
ACUTE MAXILLARY SINUSITIS(treatment):antibiotics, nasal sprays, decongestants
Sinusitis of more than three months durationCHRONIC MAXILLARY SINUSITIS
dystrophic calcificationantrolith
CHRONIC MAXILLARY SINUSITIS: histopathologypolyps
hyperplastic granulation tissue with lymphocytic and sometimes plasma cell infiltrationpolyps