Advanced Nutrition (NFS 4020)
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714 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What minerals are cofactors for antioxidants? (5) | Mn Zn Fe Se Cu |
| What minerals are cofactors for antioxidants? (5) | Mn Zn Fe Se Cu |
| What minerals are cofactors for antioxidants? (5) | Mn Zn Fe Se Cu |
| What is included in the primary immune system? (2) | Bone Marrow Thymus |
| What is included in the secondary immune system? (3) | Spleen Lymph nodes Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue (GALT) |
| What minerals are cofactors for antioxidants? (5) | Mn Zn Fe Se Cu |
| Immune system fights off...? (5) | Bacteria parasites fungi virus carcinogens |
| What minerals are cofactors for antioxidants? (5) | Mn Zn Fe Se Cu |
| What are the four things needed for an effective immune system? | 1) energy (macronutrients) 2) micronutrients 3) healthy microbiome (pro/pre biotics + fiber) 4) non nutrients (phytochemicals) |
| Why do elderly have a decreased immune system? | Thymus shrinks as you age |
| What makes up the innate immune system? (4) | Physical barriers complement proteins NK cells phagocytes |
| What is the purpose of complement proteins? (3) | Enhance immune cells increase inflammation signal other cells |
| Where are complement proteins found/synthesized? | Found in blood synthesized by liver |
| Cytokines are a type of ________? | Complement protein |
| Cytokines are signal cells synthesized by....? (2) | Monocytes+ macrophages |
| What are the 3 types of cytokines? | 1) Interleukins 2) interferons 3) Tumor Necrosis Factor |
| What are the 3 types of interleukins and what do they do? | IL-1 + IL-6 -> Increase inflammation IL-10-> Decrease inflammation when you are ages 1-6 you increase arguments when you are 10 you are mature and can be a peace maker |
| Complement proteins enhance immune cells by...? (2) | Phagocytosis (coat intruder) membrane attack (break down membrane) they're like saliva on a gobstopper |
| What are the 3 types of phagocytes? | Granulocytes (include all the "phils") monocytes macrophages dendritic cells |
| How is inflammation measured? | C-Reactive Protein (CRP) |
| CRP is made in ______ and delivered by _____ and _______ | Liver macrophages fat cells |
| Chronic immune diseases (5): | Allergies Arthrites Crohns Central obesity Diabetes 1 and 2 /metabolic syndrome CADillAC |
| Which Phagocytes are antigen presenting? | Monocytes macrophages dendritic |
| When monocytes grow up, they become _______ | Macrophages |
| Inflammation can cause complications such as....: (4) | CVD NAFLD Cancer Dementia |
| Adaptive immune system contains: (2) | T cells B cells |
| What are the three types of T cells? | T helper cytotoxic t cells regulatory t cells |
| What are the four types of B cells | Plasma B cells Memory b cells regulatory b cells antibodies |
| What are the 5 major classes of antibodies? | IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD you just got GAMED |
| Helper T cells need/don't need to be presented to | NEED to be presented to |
| B-cells need/don't need to be presented to | Do NOT NEED to be presented to |
| What activates helper T cells? | Antigens (Dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes) |
| What activates B cells | T cells |
| What two cells does a B cell produce when activated? | Plasma b cell memory b cell |
| What is the role of antibodies? | To communicate between both immune systems (innate and acquired) |
| Issues with the immune system (2) | Transplant rejections autoimmune diseases |
| The immune system is compromised during.... (3) | Infancy pregnancy elderly |
| Immune system is effected by: (5- things you can't help) | Things you can't help: -Genetics -sex -how you're born -age -Chronic disease |
| Immune system is effected by: (7 things you can choose) | Exercise central adiposity breastfeeding smoking/alcohol gut microbiota nutritional status stress |
| Nutrients needed in the immune system: (17) | Vitamin A Vitamin B2, 3,6,9,12 Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Zn Fe Mn Cu Ca I Mg P Z FeMiNine Cu Ca IMP |
| What immune system nutrients are typically low? (6) | Vitamin C, D, E Fe Mg Zn |
| What 5 things go on while you are sick? | Energy needs inflammation oxidative stress cells are made/activated antigens are eliminated |
| How are antigens eliminated? | Oxidative bursts |
| What nutrients help with energy needs? (8) | Cu Mg Fe B2, 3, 6, 9, 12 All the Bs and a CUp and a MuG of FrEaking coffee |
| What is the scientific name of B1 | Thiamin you have to have big THIghs to be number 1 |
| What is the scientific name of B2 | Riboflavin 2 rib cages |
| What nutrients are needed for cellular proliferation? )(6) | Folic Acid Fe Iodine Zn Vitamin D Mg transcribing DNA is like receiving a FFIZzy DM |
| What nutrients activate immune cells? (3) | Zn Calcium Vitamin C |
| What 3 vitamins are antioxidants (needed to reduce oxidative stress) | Vitamin E Carotenoids Vitamin C |
| What minerals are cofactors for antioxidants? (5) | Mn Zn Fe Se Cu |
| Things to keep in mind when taking zinc (3) | 1) take on empty stomach 2) may cause abdominal pain 3) dyspepsia (upset stomach for no reason) |
| Things to keep in mind when taking zinc (3) | 1) take on empty stomach 2) may cause abdominal pain 3) dyspepsia (upset stomach for no reason) |
| Things to keep in mind when taking zinc (3) | 1) take on empty stomach 2) may cause abdominal pain 3) dyspepsia (upset stomach for no reason) |
| Things to keep in mind when taking zinc (3) | 1) take on empty stomach 2) may cause abdominal pain 3) dyspepsia (upset stomach for no reason) |
| Things to keep in mind when taking zinc (3) | 1) take on empty stomach 2) may cause abdominal pain 3) dyspepsia (upset stomach for no reason) |
| Things to keep in mind when taking zinc (3) | 1) take on empty stomach 2) may cause abdominal pain 3) dyspepsia (upset stomach for no reason) |
| Things to keep in mind when taking zinc (3) | 1) take on empty stomach 2) may cause abdominal pain 3) dyspepsia (upset stomach for no reason) |
| Things to keep in mind when taking zinc (3) | 1) take on empty stomach 2) may cause abdominal pain 3) dyspepsia (upset stomach for no reason) |
| Mineral Classification: Major (what qualifies a nutrient in this category?) | >100 mg needed daily |
| Mineral Classification: trace (what qualifies a nutrient in this category?) | 1-100mg needed daily |
| How does Zinc contribute to plants? (3) | Chloroplast development plant growth Photosynthesis |
| Zinc RDA for 20+ yr old females, pregnant females, and lactating females? | 8mg/day 11mg/day 12 mg/day |
| Zinc RDA for males: | 11mg/day |
| Upper Limit of zinc? | 40 mg/day |
| Food sources of zinc (7) | Fortified foods dairy dark leafy greens protein/animal sources shellfish legumes nuts+ seeds |
| What food has the most zinc? | Oysters |
| Zinc is found most in what types of meat? | Dark and red meat. MUSCLE |
| Is free zinc ever found in the body? | Yes, but not for long |
| When is zinc considered an antioxidant? | When it is attached to a protein |
| Once in the enterocyte of the small intestine, Zn can do 3 different things: | 1) be used 2) be transported to the blood 3)stored in the cell |
| How is Zn regulated in the body? | Through ZIPS |
| Where are MTS synthesized? (4) | Liver Pancreas Kidney Intestine |
| Where are MTs located? | In the golgi apparatus |
| MTS can be bound to these 6 elements and 1 other thing: | Se Cu Ca Zn Fe Mn Xenobiotic |
| Are MTS antioxidants? | No, but they act like one because they bind to free metals |
| How does Zn travel from the small intestine to the blood? (3) | 1) ZIP 4 and 14 2) DMT (divalent metal transporter) 3) Paracellular division |
| What increases the absorption of Zn (5) | Cysteine Methionine Histidine Casein Picolinic acid Cas did Meth and ate PICkles in her HIStory class, and got a CYST |
| What 3 molecules decrease Zn absorption? | Oxalate Phytate Polyphenols |
| What other things can decrease absorption? (5) | PPIs Antacids Iron Food Processing Calcium |
| How do antacids and PPIs decrease Zn absorption? | They decrease acid/make stomach more basic **Zinc requires acid to be digested properly!** |
| Where is zinc located? (3) | Mostly processed in the liver found within cells (mostly muscle) |
| Zinc Functions: (7) | Antioxidant Wound healing Sexual maturation Immune system Growth Heme synthesis Taste AW SIGHT |
| Zinc Function categories (3) | Catalytic structural regulatory |
| Catalytic function: | Zinc is a cofactor for >300 enzymes |
| What are the 6 main enzymes that zinc is a cofactor to: | Pyruvate Dehydrogenase DNA + RNA polymerase Superoxide Dismutase Fructose 1,6-biphosphotase Leukotriene hydrolase Gustin Super Fruit DNA gets Dehydrated when a Gust of wind passes the Latrine |
| Zn cofactor purpose: Pyruvate dehydrogenase | Converts pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA |
| Zn cofactor purpose: DNA + RNA polymerase | Dna replication + transcription |
| Zn cofactor purpose: Superoxide Dismutase | Cytosolic antioxidant (Antioxidant for fluid within cells) |
| Zn cofactor purpose: Fructose 1,6-biphosphotase | Gluconeogenesis |
| Zn cofactor purpose: Leukotriene Hydrolase | Eicosanoid metabolism (breaks down signaling molecules) |