ap biology
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ap biology - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Used to study detailed structures of a cell that cannot be easily seen or observed by light microscopy | Electron microscopes |
| Composed of a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer | Plasma membrane |
| Hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inwards and the hydrophilic phosphate head face outwards allowing movement through the membrane | Phospholipid bilayer |
| Proteins located on the inner or outer surface of the membrane (loose association) | Peripheral proteins |
| Amphipathic proteins firmly bound to the plasma membrane | Integral proteins |
| Integral proteins that extend all the way through the membrane | Transmembrane proteins |
| Each layer of phospholipids is flexible and peppered with different proteins and carbohydrate chains | Fluid-mosaic model |
| Form junctions between adjacent cells | Adhesion proteins |
| Serve as docking sites for arrivals at the cell (ex. hormones) | Receptor proteins |
| Markers exposed on the extracellular surface and play a role in cell recognition and adhesion (ex. glycoproteins) | Cell-surface markers |
| Found only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane attached to proteins | Carbohydrate-side chain |
| The location in the nucleus where the rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is made and ribosomes are assembled | Nucleolus |
| A continuous channel that extends into many regions of the cytoplasm and provides mechanical support while aiding in intracellular transport | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| The most common energy molecule in the cell | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Inner mitochondrial membrane folds that separate the innermost area from the intermembrane space | Cristae |
| Composed of a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer | Plasma membrane |
| Microtubule production center for eukaryotic cells | Microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) |
| A network of protein fibers | Cytoskeleton |
| Participate in cellular divisions and movement | Microtubules |
| Depends upon proteins that act as tunnels in the membrane | Facilitated transport |
| Diffusion for a hydrophobic molecule or small non-polar molecules through the membrane | Simple diffusion |
| Any time that the help of channel-type protein is used for diffusion | Facilitated diffusion |
| Anytime a substance is moving by diffusion as there is no outside energy required to power the movement | Passive transport |
| Markers exposed on the extracellular surface and play a role in cell recognition and adhesion (ex. glycoproteins) | Cell surface markers |
| Found only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane attached to proteins | Carbohydrate side chain |
| Movement against the nature flow | Active transport |
| Ushers out three Na+ ions and bring in two K+ ions | Sodium-potassium pump |
| The cell membrane forms a pocket, pinches in, and eventually forms and vacuole or a vesicle | Endocytosis |
| The cell takes in solids | Phagocytosis |
| Involves cell surface receptors that work in tandem with endocytic pits | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Elemental building blocks of life | Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen |
| Protons (+), neutrons (=), and electrons (-) | Subatomic particles |
| Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus | Isotopes |
| A bond formed between atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other | Ionic bond |
| Bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms | Covalent bond |
| Electrons in a covalent bond are EQUALLY shared | Nonpolar covalent bond |
| Electrons that are UNequally shared in a covalent bond | Polar covalent bond |
| The cohesion of water that allows light thinks to sit atop the surface without sinking | Surface tension |
| Compounds in living organism that contain a skeleton of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms and other elements | Organic compound |
| Molecules that do not contain carbon atoms | Inorganic compound |
| Polymers are formed, water molecules are lost, and larger compounds form | Dehydration synthesis |