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bio chapter 44 and 45 final


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[Front]


- Suggestions to decrease population size in less developed countries:
[Back]


- establishment or strengthening of family planning programs - Display the onset of childbearing -Social progress reduces desire for large families, providing education, raising status for women, reducing child mortality

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- Suggestions to decrease population size in less developed countries:
- establishment or strengthening of family planning programs - Display the onset of childbearing -Social progress reduces desire for large families, providing education, raising status for women, reducing child mortality
- Factors that slow or use the populations potential reproduction are:
1. Number of offspring per productive event 2. Amount of competition within the population 3. Age and number of reproductive opportunities 4. Presence of disease and predators
- Limiting factors
Environmental aspects that determine where an organism lives
- Resources
Nonliving and living components of an environment that supports living organisms.
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Ecology
The study of home (interaction of organisms with physical environment)
- Habitat
The place where the organism lives
- Population
All organisms of the same species in the same area
- Community
All the populations of multiple species interacting within same location
- Ecosystem
Communities of populations along with abiotic variables (availability of sunlight for plants)
- Ecologist study
The interaction and selection pressure that is caused by evolution and environmental aspects.
- Demography
The statistical study of a population including density, distribution, growth rate, mortality pattern, age distribution
- Population density
The number of individuals per unit area
- Population distribution
The pattern of dispersal of individuals across and given area
- Limiting factors
Environmental aspects that determine where an organism lives
- Resources
Nonliving and living components of an environment that supports living organisms.
- Limiting factors
Environmental aspects that determine where an organism lives
- what is the Rate of natural increase (r,) or growth rate, determined by
The number of individuals born each year minus the number of individuals that die each year
- Biotic potential
The highest possible rate of natural increase for a population
- Factors that slow or use the populations potential reproduction are:
1. Number of offspring per productive event 2. Amount of competition within the population 3. Age and number of reproductive opportunities 4. Presence of disease and predators
- A cohort
All the members of a population born at the same time
- age distribution
Separated into three groups, pre-reproductive, reproductive, post reproductive
- Pyramid shaped age distribution
For under developed countries
- Bell shaped age distribution
For stable countries
- Semelparity
The members of the population have only a single reproductive event in their lifetime, moths
- Intero parity
Members of the population experienced many reproductive and throughout their lifetime, many vertebrates
- Exponential growth graph
J-shaped, depicts exponential growth, includes two phases (lag phase), growth is slow because the population is small (exponential growth) growth is accelerating
- Logistical growth graph
Has four phases (lag phase) growth is slow because the population is small, (exponential growth) growth is accelerating, (decelerating) growth is slowing down, (stable equilibrium) birth and death are equal
- R- selected population
Density independent: smaller individuals, shorter lifespan, fast mature, many offspring’s, little or no care of offspring, many offspring, die before reproducing, early reproductive age
- K-selected population
Density dependent: - Large individuals, longer lifespan, slow to mature, if you enlarge of Springs, much care of all the springs, most of the young survive till reproductive age, adapted to stable environment
- Suggestions to decrease population size in less developed countries:
- establishment or strengthening of family planning programs - Display the onset of childbearing -Social progress reduces desire for large families, providing education, raising status for women, reducing child mortality
EI=
Population size x resource consumption per capita
- Biogeochemical cycles
The pathways by which chemicals circulate through ecosystems involving both living and nonliving components, water cycle, carbon cycle, phosphorus cycle, nitrogen cycle.
- Phosphorus cycle
A sedimentary cycle, the chemical is absorbed from the soil by plant roots, passed to heterotrophs and eventually returned to the soil by decomposers
- Carbon and nitrogen cycles
Are gaseous, meaning that the chemical returns to end is withdrawn from the atmosphere as gas
- The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle
Evaporated water from the ocean exceed precipitation so there is a net movement of water vapor onto land, precipitation result in surface water and groundwater back to the sea, transpiration by plants contributes to evaporation
- The nitrogen cycle
Step 1- nitrogen gas converted into nitrate step 2- ammonium converted into nitrate by nitrifying bacteria