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biology 9


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nick matheson


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[Front]


enzymes
[Back]


allow chemical reactions to happen in the body quickly

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Enzymes
Allow chemical reactions to happen in the body quickly
Hormones
Act as messengers to tell other cells what to do (glucose/insulin)
All cells contain
DNA genes and stem cells
MRNA
Carries a copy of the DNA gene to the ribosome
TRNA
Carries amino acid to the ribosome
Mutation
Any change in the sequence of DNA of an individual organism
Mutagen
Any substance or factor that can cause mutations
What substances cause mutations
Radiation and chemicals
What are the three types of mutations
Addition, deletion, substitution
What is deletion
When a base pair is missing from the sequence
What is addition
When one or more base pairs are added to the DNA
What is substitution
When a base pairs spot changes with another base pair
Postive mutation
Beneficial to the individual
Negative mutation
Harmful to individual
Neutral mutation
No effect of the individual
What are chromosomes
One strand of DNA tightly packed together
DNA
Double helix, blueprint for all cells
Genes
One side of a DNA strand contains instructions to make specific proteins
What is a base
Either Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
What bases go together
A and T / G and C
What is a nucleotide
Base, phosphate molecule and sugar molecule
Step 1
Nucleus receives chemical signal to make specific protien
Step 2
DNA message for small protein copied and turned into RNA
Step 3
RNA leaves through nuclear pore
Step 4
RNA message delivered to ribosome / protein made
Step 5
The made protein enters the E.R
Step 6
Vesicle carries protein to Golgi body
Step 7
The Golgi body packages protein for transport out of cell
Step 8
Vesicle carries protein to cell membrane
Step 9
Protein released from cell
Gene therapy
Replace mutated part with healthy DNA (may effect patience immune system)