Biology chapter 6 plant nutrition
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Biology chapter 6 plant nutrition - Leaderboard
Biology chapter 6 plant nutrition - Details
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| Plants produce glucose in leaves and convert some of it to sucrose. Explain how glucose is produced in leaves. | The leaves contain chloroplast which has chlorophyll, a green pigment which absorb energy from sunlight to carry out the process of photosynthesis. The leaf will then use carbon dioxide and water which they obtained from the environment in the presence of energy from sunlight ( captured from chloroplasts earlier), to produce glucose and oxygen. .The light energy is converted to chemical energy. |
| Describe and explain how the change in ion concentration causes the guard cell volume to change. Use the information in Table 3.1 in your answer. | High(er) ion concentration results in large(r) (guard cell) volume ; ora comparative data quote with units to support any description ; high(er) ion concentration causes low(er) water potential ; ora (high ion concentration causes) water to move into (guard) cells ; across partially / AW, permeable membrane ; by osmosis ; large cell volume correlates with high turgor pressure ; ora because cell water / membrane / cytoplasm / vacuole, pushes more on cell wall ; |
| Phloem is used to transport sucrose and amino acids in plants. Sucrose is a carbohydrate. Describe the uses of carbohydrates and amino acids in plants | Carbohydrates cellulose ; for cell walls ; starch ; for energy/respiration ; to attract insects to flowers / nectar / fruits ; amino acids to make (named) proteins ; for enzymes ; for growth ; |
| Immediately after the aphids were placed on the plant it was observed that: • all the aphids ingested the same volume of liquid from the phloem • aphid D ingested the highest concentration of sucrose. Explain why aphid D ingested the highest concentration of sucrose. | Higher concentration in the stem / aphid D is nearer the root / is before the branching of the plant ; (sucrose moves by) translocation ; sucrose moves up the plant ; root / tuber, is a source ; (leaves / stems / AW) are a sink ; no photosynthesis (in the dark) ; no / less, glucose/sucrose (made in the leaves) ; plant uses stored starch (from root) / AW ; |
| State the word equation for photosynthesis | Carbon dioxide + water ----> glucose + oxygen |
| Describe and explain the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the average rates of photosynthesis of the soybean plants from 04:00 to 22:00. Use the data from Fig. 2.1 in your answer. | - description: rate (of photosynthesis) peaks at, 12:00 / midday / noon ; photosynthesis starts at, 06:00 / stops at, 20:00 / 8 pm ; rate (of photosynthesis) at 550 (ppm) / AW, is greater than at, 370 (ppm) / AW ; both plots / 550 and 370 ppm, follow same trend / pattern ; comparative data quote between two plots with units at least once ; - explanation: maximum light at 12:00 / dark until 6:00 / after, 20:00 / 8 pm ; reference to light intensity as a limiting factor ; because light is required for photosynthesis ; - reference to CO2 as a limiting factor ; (at high atmospheric CO2) the concentration gradient (to air spaces) is steeper / diffusion is faster ; effect of CO2 concentration is most at high light intensities ; ora -reference to temperature as a limiting factor higher temperature caused increase rate of photosynthesis |
| The scientists also made observations of the leaf structure of the soybean plants. Epidermis and mesophyll tissues are adapted for photosynthesis. Complete Table 2.1 by stating two structural features of each of these tissues and explain how each feature is an adaptation for photosynthesis. tissue: epidermis and mesophyll | 1. feature 2. how the feature is an adaptation for photosynthesis epidermis 1. transparent / clear / no chloroplasts 2.allows light to pass through ; 1. thin / flat 2. so less cytoplasm / more light, to pass through 1. guard cells / stomata 2. allow gases to enter / leave the leaf / gas exchange mesophyll 1. contains many chloroplasts (palisade) 2. trapping light energy 1. vertically / tightly, packed / column- shaped (palisade) 2. maximise light received (by cells) / reduce number of, cross / cell, walls ; 1. contain (air) spaces / loosely packed (spongy) 2. for diffusion / movement of gases (within leaf) ; |
| Explain the effects of nitrate ion deficiency on plant growth. | Plants absorb (nitrogen as) nitrate (ions) ; needed to make, amino acids / (named) proteins ; to make DNA / RNA / nucleotides / bases ; protein / DNA, is needed for, growth / cell division / mitosis ; |
| The rate of photosynthesis of terrestrial plants can be determined by measuring the uptake of carbon dioxide. Explain why plants take up carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. | Carbon dioxide is, raw material / substrate / reactant / AW ; concentration of carbon dioxide is higher outside leaf than inside (so carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf) ; |
| The rate of photosynthesis of parts of individual leaves can be measured using a hand-held device as shown in the picture. This apparatus allows air to flow through the transparent chamber that encloses part of the leaf. The apparatus measures the carbon dioxide concentration of the air entering and leaving the chamber. Explain how the results from the apparatus can be used to calculate the rate of photosynthesis. | Subtract the concentration of carbon dioxide at the end from the concentration at the start / AW ; divide by the time (taken) / per unit time ; ref. to taking (rate of) respiration into account ; |
| (ii) State three ways a plant uses the sugars produced in photosynthesis. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................ | Respiration ; starch ; cellulose ; chlorophyll ; sucrose ; nectar ; amino acids / protein ; fats / oils ; nucleic acids / DNA / RNA ; growth of (any named part) membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm ; |
| The tissue shown in Fig. 3.1 is transparent. Explain why it is important to the plant that the tissue shown in Fig. 3.1 is transparent. | Allows light through ; (light) reaches chloroplasts / chlorophyll ; in mesophyll / palisade cells ; (palisade / mesophyll / chloroplasts / chlorophyll) need light for photosynthesis / trap energy from light ; |
| Stomata are found on the lower surface of broad bean leaves. Describe the function of stomata. | For gas exchange / diffusion of gases ; for, photosynthesis / respiration / transpiration ;; correct gas with direction for named process ;; controls the rate of, diffusion / transpiration / photosynthesis ; ref. to transpiration pull ; |
| Ions move into guard cells by active transport. Describe how the ions move into the guard cells | Move against the concentration gradient ; proteins (in membrane) ; using energy ; from respiration ; |
| The food available to animals in the Arctic tundra is limited. There is a short growing season for plants and the environmental conditions do not favour high rates of photosynthesis and growth compared with temperate and tropical ecosystems. State three conditions that limit plant growth rates. | Temperature ; light (intensity) ; water (supply) / idea that water is not available (as frozen) ; (named) soil feature ; (named) mineral ion ; carbon dioxide ; grazing / predation ; (competition for) space ; disease ; (named) pollutant ; |
| The cells in regions B and C in Fig. 3.1 have a large surface area. Explain why this is necessary for the functioning of the leaf cells. | (cell surfaces are sites of) gas exchange ; movement of gases by diffusion ; ref. to efficient / faster / AW, gas exchange / diffusion / photosynthesis ; carbon dioxide is, raw material / needed, for photosynthesis ; absorption of carbon dioxide (when light available) ; loss of oxygen (when light available) / absorption of oxygen ; oxygen is required for (aerobic) respiration ; more evaporation ; idea of maximising light absorption ; |
| Explain why there are many interconnecting air spaces within the leaf. | Allows for, movement of (named) gases / diffusion / gas exchange, throughout the whole of the leaf ; ref. to faster / efficient / AW, diffusion / gas exchange ; allows / AW, photosynthesis / respiration / transpiration / evaporation ; ref. to storage of carbon dioxide ; (air spaces) connect (to outside air) via stomata ; |
| State two conditions that are likely to increase the chances of wilting. | No / little, water ; high temperature ; low humidity / dry air ; high wind speed ; long day length / high light intensity ; high salinity / salt ; freezing ; disease ; (soil) waterlogging / low oxygen concentration / pH ; mineral / magnesium, deficiency ; |
| Explain what happens to the cells of a leaf to cause wilting | Ref to osmosis ; water, lost from / moves out of, cells / vacuoles ; down water potential gradient ; pressure of, water / cell contents, on (inelastic) cell wall decreases ; correct ref. to turgor / turgidity / flaccid / plasmolysed ; ref. to plants / cells, rely on water, for (structural) support / to prevent wilting ; ora water in cells not being replaced as quickly (as it is being lost) ; AVP ;; |
| Wilting may look harmful, but it is often a strategy for survival. Suggest the advantages to a plant of wilting. | Stomata close ; to prevent more water loss ; water conserved for, other processes / other parts of plant ; decrease surface area, exposed to the Sun / for absorption of heat ; |
| Sugar cane requires soil with high concentrations of nitrogen and potassium. Describe how the lack of nitrate ions would affect the production of sugar cane | Stunted / reduced / no, growth / yield ; used to make amino acids / proteins ; amino acids converted to proteins ; named molecule containing nitrogen |
| State three other environmental factors that could affect the growth of the seedlings. | 1 humidity (of air) ; 2 temperature ; 3 llight ; 4 carbon dioxide ; 5 pH (of nutrient solution(s)) ; 6 rate of aeration / oxygen supply / oxygen ; 7 depth of solution / volume of solution ; 8 spacing / density (of radishes / plants) ; 9 AVP ; |
| Describe and explain the results for the radishes grown without nitrate ions (group 2). | 1 less growth than the, control / complete medium / group 1 ; 2 leaf / root, mass per plant is less than, control / group 1 ; 3 comparative use of figures per plant, calculated / stated, from the table with units; 4 (nitrate (ions) / nitrogen) required to make, amino acids / proteins ; 5 any one use of proteins in plants ; |
| Describe the likely appearance of the radish plants grown in the solution without magnesium ions (group 3) and explain your answer. | Appearance max 1 1 yallow(–green) leaves / chlorosis / stunted / short ; explanation for max 2 2 magnesium is needed for chlorophyll ; 3 chlorophyll, makes plants or chloroplasts green / is a green pigment ; 4 cannot trap, enough / much, light for photosynthesis ; 5 less / no, photosynthesis / sugar production ; 6 less materials for, growth / making (new) cells ; 7 less sugar for respiration ; |
| Water is one requirement for photosynthesis. State two other requirements needed by plants to carry out photosynthesis. | Carbon dioxide ; light energy ; chlorophyll ; |
| State why the palisade mesophyll is a tissue. | (group of) similar cells that, work together/ carry out a shared (named) function; |
| Name two tissues that are present in the leaf in Fig. 4.2. | Xylem; phloem; epidermis; spongy mesophyll; |
| State the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis. | 6CO2+6H2O (LHS); C6H12O6+6O2 (RHS); energy / light/ chlorophyll; |
| Plants need nitrate ions for growth. Explain why | Nitrates are useable source of nitrogen; needed to make amino acids; (amino acids) to make proteins; protein /DNA, needed for growth; to make DNA/RNA/ nucleotides / bases; other suitable named use of organic nitrogenous compounds found in plants; |
| Identify the layers labelled in Fig. 6.1 and explain how their adaptations allow photosynthesis to occur in the leaf. layer J : adaptation for photosynthesis : | Palisade (mesophyll /tissue / cells /parenchyma); tightly packed / contain many chloroplast / stacked upright; |
| Identify the layers labelled in Fig. 6.1 and explain how their adaptations allow photosynthesis to occur in the leaf. layer K : adaptation for photosynthesis : | (upper) epidermis / epidermal cells; transparent /allows light to pass through / thin; |
| Identify the layers labelled in Fig. 6.1 and explain how their adaptations allow photosynthesis to occur in the leaf. layer L : adaptation for photosynthesis : | Spongy, mesophyll /tissue / cells /parenchyma / layer; air spaces /loosely packed / gas exchange / diffusion of gases; |
| State three uses in a plant of the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis | For, respiration/ energy ; converted to sucrose ; used to make, nectar/ fruits ; used to make, cellulose/ lignin ; used in cell walls ; used to make, starch/ oils / fats ; storage ; used to make, amino acids ; used to make, chlorophyll ; |
| Mammals have a transport system for carbon dioxide. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from their surroundings to use in photosynthesis. Explain how a molecule of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere reaches the site of photosynthesis in a leaf. | Diffusion ; down concentration gradient;A lower concentration of carbon dioxide inside leaf / ora; (diffuses) through stoma/ stomata ; (through) (intercellular) air space/(between) spongy mesophyll ; into/reached, palisade, mesophyll/ cell; A into guard cell/ spongy, mesophyll/ cell chloroplast ; AVP ; e.g.dissolve/ diffuse, through cell wall / cell membrane/ cytoplasm |
| Herbicide B is a chemical that prevents the uptake of magnesium ions. Suggest how herbicide B kills plants. | No chlorophyll synthesis ; cannot trap sunlight ; cannot photosynthesise ; AVP ; |
| State how the shape of the cells shown in Fig. 1.1 differs from the shape of a palisade mesophyll cell in a leaf. | Irregular shape/rounded shape/not columnar/ not cylindrical/ not rectangular/ no specific shape ; |
| Question in pic | Answers in pic |