Other organisms are effected in ways we are not. Higher temperatures lead to a change in the sex of animals (warmer temperatures result in females and colder temperatures result in males).

Communities

All given species interacting in the ecosystem

Eutrophication/red tide

Happens when too many nutrients get into the waters. Makes it hard for fish to breathe and creates trade offs (ex: too much fertilizers trades off to too much plankton)

How does dredging affect the environment?

Impacts water clarity, re-suspends sediment and buried pollutants (led/mercury), moves salt wedge.

Population

A single species from within a community.

Organisms

Individuals of the same species from within a population.

Organ systems

All the things that work together to make the organism live.

Tissues

Make up the organs in organ systems.

What do we dredge water in Jacksonville?

Bridges are too low so water is dredged to make the water deeper for boats to pass under the bridges.

Cells

Make up the tissues. Smallest unit of life.

Organelles

Tiny organisms within the cell

Molecules and atoms

Smallest unit of matter. Make up the organelles.

What is biology?

The study of life.

What is life?

The quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms (living organisms possess certain characteristics).

Properties of life (there are 7)

Organization, regulation, growth and development, energy utilization, response to stimuli, reproduction, evolution.

Property of life- organized

Living things are both complex and organized. Salt is organized, but not complex so it is nonliving.

Property of life- regulation

Living things have homeostasis

Homeostasis

The ability of a body of a cell to maintain the stability of its internal environment when dealing with extreme changes.

Property of life- growth and development

Increase in the size of cells, the number of cells, or both. Genetic information controls patterns of growth and development in organisms.

Property of life- energy

Energy powers an organism's metabolism.

Metabolism

The sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism. Plants and some single-cell organisms capture energy from the sun and all other organisms consume energy. Deep sea hydrothermal vents provide energy to deep sea water.

Order from bottom to top of the food chain

(sun),Primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, teritiary consumers, quaternary consumers.

Property of life- Stimuli

Changes in internal environment (temperature, water, blood sugar) or in external environment (light, sound, chemicals, touch)

Property of life- reproduce

Asexual and sexual reproduction

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Acts as an instructional manual to guide construction and operation of the organism's body- genes.

Mitosis

Cells, chromosomes, and DNA exchange

Evolution (Property of life)

The mechanism by which populations can change over long periods of time. Mutations and changes in DNA of a population contribute, and change accounts for diversity and many features retained from organism to organism.

The three domains of life at the broadest level of biodiversity

Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea

Eukarya

Cells with membrane-bound (nucleus and organelles).

Bacteria

Cells with no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles (single-celled).

Archaea

Cells with no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles and usually live in extreme conditions.

Kingdoms of Eukarya

Protista (mostly unicellular), Fungi (multicellular), Plantae (multicellular), and Animalia (multicellular).

What is natural selection's effect on evolution?

Drives evolution and has resulted in the biodiversity we see today.

Natural selection- variation

Characteristics of different individuals in a group vary.

Natural selection- Fitness

Some individuals have characteristics that help them survive and reproduce more successfully than other individuals without those characteristics.

Natural selection- Heritability

The individuals with the favorable traits have many offspring that are passed down those traits.

Natural selection- adaptation

Trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection.

Behavioral, Morphological, and Physiological adaptation

Behavioral- Grooming or removing parasites, Morphological- Shape or size of your shell, Physiological- Being warm-based and controlling temperature.

Countershading- Thayer's Law

Having a lighter belly and a darker top so when you're swimming in the ocean (predator or prey) looking down on you, your dark side will blend in with the water. Looking up at you, your lighter belly will blend with the sun.

Artificial selection

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans. Modifying corn to be resistant against insects or modifying dog breeds.

Experiment

A test

Type I Error

Found a difference when one does not exist (Blood pressure medication didn't work, but you still found a change in the participants' blood pressure).

Type II Error

Effect exists, but it was not found in the experiment (Blood pressure medication did work, but you didn't find a change in the participants blood pressure).

Controls

Sections of the experiment in which no variable is changed.

Placebo

Something in an experiment that is thought to cause change, however it causes no change and remains constant (often given to the control group).

Double-blind study

Neither the experimenter or the participants of the study know which group is the control group or which group is the test group (eliminate bias).

What is the word "science" derived from?

A Latin verb meaning "to know."

Replication

If possible, experiments should be repeated several times. It can then be replicated by others.

Gregg Ormendal

Studied heredity of plants

Charles Darwin

Studied evolution and natural selection

Watson, Crick, and Rosalin

Watson and Crick discovered DNA. Rosalin also helped to discover DNA and worked with x-rays.

Simple experiment

Test the hypothesis that a single variable is the cause of the observed phenomenon (must rule out other possibilities and include controls).

Francesco Reid

Tried to disprove spontaneous generation (the idea that you can reproduce from non-living things).

What is the point of doing a randomized experiment?

To eliminate bias.

Joseph Priestly and Jan Ingenhousz

Studied photosynthesis

Steps of the scientific method

Observation, question, hypothesis (prediction), experiment or observation, and conclusion.

Inducible defenses

Responses activated through a previous encounter with a consumer or competitor that confer some degree of resistance to subsequent attacks (no need for a hard shell if nothing is trying to eat you).

Element

Substance that cannot be broken down or converted to another substance by chemical means.

Molecule- basic definition

Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds (can be the same or different).

Proton

Positive charge- determines element.

Neutron

No charge- determines isotope

Electron

Negative charge- Participates in chemical reactions. Outer0shell electrons determine chemical behavior.

Nucleus

Consists of neutrons and protons.

Isotopes

Variants of a particular element which differ in the number of neutrons although all isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons (Isotopes of carbon- they all have 6 protons, but different numbers of neutrons). Different numbers of protons result in different elements.

Half-life

Some isotopes (Carbon14) are radioactive and undergo decay over time at known rates. Living things absorb C-14 during their lives, but stop at death. So the older a fossil is, the less carbon it has.

Organization of electrons

The number and organization of electrons determine the chemical behavior of an element. Electrons are organized in shells. The outer-shell is where the action happens. Atoms want to have either 2 or 8 electrons in their outer-shell (this is most stable- atoms will engage in chemical reactions to achieve this state).

Noble gases

Do not react with other elements, each has a full outer shell (2 electrons in the case of helium, 8 for others ). Thousands of chemical reactions occur within cells.

What do atoms do?

Share or transfer electrons to get to 2 or 8 electrons by forming chemical bonds.

Bonds

Attractive forces that hold atoms together in molecules.

Ionic bonds

Involve a transfer (donated and accepted) of electrons and form between oppositely charged atoms.

Covalent bonds

Involve sharing of electrons and form between uncharged atoms (stronger than ionic bonds). Share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons. Form between non-metallic atoms.

Non-polar molecules

When a covalent bond forms between two atoms of the same element (oxygen gas, O2). Atoms are the same, each end or "pole" of the molecule is the same, no charge (H2 or C2).

Polar molecule

One atom is larger than the other, more pull to one pole, have a charge (H2O).

Electronegativity

When molecules are polar it indicates that one atom is much bigger than the others resulting in a higher electronegativity. Even though electrons are shared, atoms with a higher electronegativity are "greedier."

Water molecules

Polar molecule, water molecules attract one another, hydrogen bonds form between water molecules. This explains many properties of water.

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to one another. Responsible for trees moving water from their roots to the leaves where photosynthesis occurs (water sticks to each other and moves its way up the tree).

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to other polar surfaces. It is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another (water sticks to glass).

Properties of water

Has a high degree of surface tension, an extremely good solvent (can dissolve a wide range of substances), can dissociate (changes in pH).

Basic pH

PH 7-14. Hydrogen ion is basic- negative charge. Increased OH- in a solution makes the pH basic.

Acidic pH

PH 1-7. Hydrogen ion is acidic- positive charge. Increased H+ in a solution makes the pH acidic.

Specific heat capacity (specific heat)

The amount of heat that a given mass of a material must absorb to raise its temperature by a specific amount. Water can absorb large amounts of energy without large charges in temperature (high specific heat). Energy is first used to break hydrogen bonds.

Carbon

A component of all organic molecules, can form the most amount of bonds, has four binding sites (wants four electrons), bonds with other carbon molecules, bonds with functional groups. Gives diversity to organic molecules.

What are carbohydrates?

Sugar- energy storage.

What are proteins?

Enzymes, transporters, and receptors.