BMI tutorial 1
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Biomedical Instruments are | Made from basic electronic components connected to build more complex electronic circuits with special function. |
| Biomedical instrumentation and engineering | Application of knowledge and technologies to solve problems related to living biological systems. It involves diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease in human. |
| An electronic component | Is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields |
| Basic electronic components are: | Resistors Capacitors Inductors Transistors Diodes and LEDs Amplifiers Integrated Circuits |
| Basic electronic circuitry is similar in both simple and complex apparatuses but what is different | Entirely different purposes |
| Resistor | Resist the current - consuming power |
| What the resistors are used for | To control the voltages and the currents in your circuit (either limit current or allow for a drop-in voltage). |
| Property of resistor | Resistance (R) |
| What does it mean when resistors are passive | They contain no source of power or amplification but only attenuate or reduce the voltage or current signal passing through them |
| What are resistors are used for | Resistor to control the voltages and the currents in your circuit (either limit current or allow for a drop-in voltage). |
| Resistor | Passive electronic devices that resist the flow of current |
| Passive components consume what | Electrical energy |
| Passive components used in | Electrical and electronic circuits can be connected in an infinite number of ways |
| Biomedical instrument consists of the following functional basic parts: | Measurand Sensor / Transducer Signal Conditioner Display Data Storage and Data Transmission |
| ACTIVE COMPONENTS | HAVE DIRECTIONALITY |
| Active component examples | Semiconductor devices-transistors |
| PASSIVE COMPONENTS | (HAVE NO DIRECTIONALITY) |
| Examples for passive components | Resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes diodes and polarized capacitors must be installed in a specified way |
| Differences between active and passive components | Active- inject power into a circuit capable of electrically controlling amplify the flow of electrical current |
| Differences between active and passive components | Passive components either consume or store energy |
| Resistor color codes | 1 st band = 1 st number 2 nd band = 2 nd number 3 rd band = # of zeros / multiplier 4 th band = tolerance |
| Capacitor | Temporarily store an electric charge – battery with very low capacity |
| How capacitance is defined | As the ratio of the electric charge Q on each conductor to the potential difference V between them |
| What capacitors are used for | Introduce a time-delay in a circuit, removing noise, or making the supply voltage of a circuit more stable |
| If a component needs an immediate supply of electrons, | The capacitor can supply those electrons. |
| Capacitors can smooth out a signal | Eliminate the ripples or spikes in DC voltage. |
| The capacitor can absorb | The peaks and fill in the valleys of a rippled signal. |
| What is inductor | Is similar to the opposite of a capacitor. |
| In series inductors will | Resist alternating currents (AC) and let direct currents (DC) flow free. |
| Difference between series connection and parallel in resistors | Rseries= r1+r2+... Rparallel=1/R1+1/R2... |
| Difference between series connection and parallel in inductors | Lseries=L1+L2... Lparallel=1/L1+1/L2... |
| Difference between series connection and parallel in CAPACITORS | Cseries= 1/C1+1/C2+... Cparallel=C1+C2+... |
| WHAT IS transistor | A semiconductor component used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power |
| What will happen A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals | Changes the current through another pair of terminals. |
| A transistor is composed of | Semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. |
| Transistors have 3 pins. For these transistors: | Collector Emitter Base |
| Types of transistors | B I P O L A R J U N C T I O N T R A N S I S TO R F I E L D- E F F E C T T R A N S I S TO R . |
| Bipolar junction | U S E F U L A S A M P L I F I E R S . ex: C O L L E C TO R , E M I T T E R , B A S E |
| Field-effect transistors | Useful as motor drivers ex: source, drain, gatemosfet |
| N P N ( N- C H A N N E L F E T ) V E R S U S P N P ( P - C H A N N E L F E T ) | NPN versus PNP is how the semiconductors are layered. NPN: Not pointing in PNP: Pointing in permanently |
| What is diode | ◦ A diode is a one way valve (or gate) for electricity |
| What is diodes component | With an asymmetrical transfer characteristic |
| What does diode has | Has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other direction. |
| Diodes will protect your | Electronics |
| Diodes have a bar | On the cathode (negative) side. |
| LED diode | LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) IS A SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT SOURCE. |
| WHEN ELECTRICITY IS PASSING THROUGH THE DIODE, | IT EMITS LIGHT. |
| Amplifier | EFFECTIVELY THE OPPOSITE OF AN ATTENUATOR: WHILE AN AMPLIFIER PROVIDES GAIN, AN ATTENUATOR PROVIDES LOSS. |
| AMPLIFIER QUALITY IS CHARACTERIZED BY A LIST OF SPECIFICATIONS THAT INCLUDES: | Gain bandwidth efficiency linearity noise output dynamite range slew rate rise time stability |
| Gain | The ratio between the magnitude of output and input signals |
| Bandwidth | The width of the useful frequency range |
| Efficiency | The ratio between the power of the output and total power consumption |
| Linearity, | The degree of proportionality between input and output |
| Noise | A measure of undesired noise mixed into the output |
| Output dynamic range, | The ratio of the largest and the smallest useful output levels |
| Slew rate | The maximum rate of change of the output |
| Rise time | , settling time, ringing and overshoot that characterize the step response |
| Stability | The ability to avoid self-oscillation |
| Types of amplifiers | Voltage amplifier • Current amplifier • Transconductance amplifier • Trans resistance amplifier |
| Ohms law | Describes the relationship between current, voltage and resistance |
| Kirchhoff‘s current law | Sum of all currents going in and out of the node is equal to 0 |
| Current that enter the node | Have + sign, currents that leave the node have – sign. |
| KIRCHHOFF‘S VOLTAGE LAW | SUM OF ALL VOLTAGES IN A CIRCUIT EQUALS 0 |
| THE VOLTAGE SIGN (+/-) | IS THE DIRECTION OF THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE |
| The resistor colour code markings are always read one band at a time. Starting from | The left to the right, with the larger width tolerance band oriented to the right side indicating its tolerance |
| How capacitors | The current through a capacitor can be changed instantly, but it takes time to change the voltage across a capacitor. |
| Typical capacitance values range from | M about 1 pF (10−12 F) to about 1 mF (10−3 F). |
| What are Inductor USED FOR | Stores energy in the form of a magnetic field, usually by means of a coil of wire |
| RESISTANCE | U=I*R |
| INDUCTANCE | U(t)=L*di(t)/dt |
| CAPACITANCE | I(t)=C*dv(t)/dt |
| Diode | Switch, two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in one direction |
| LED | Component that can give light to give a visual feedback from our circuit |
| Amplifier | Increases the power of a signal |
| The four basic types of amplifiers are asfollows: | Voltage current transconductance trans resistance amplifier |
| Capacitors can also be connected together in various series and parallel combinations to form | Capacitor networks. |
| Transistor does | A switch controlled by an electrical signal and amplifies signal |
| What are transistors used for | To give a visual feedback from our circuit. |
| Voltage amplifier | This is the most common type of amplifier. An input voltage is amplified to a larger output voltage. The amplifier's input impedance is high and the output impedance is low |
| Current amplifier | This amplifier changes an input current to a larger output current. The amplifier's input impedance is low and the output impedance is high. |
| Transconductance amplifier | This amplifier responds to a changing input voltage by delivering a related changing output current. |
| Trans resistance amplifier – | This amplifier responds to a changing input current by delivering a related changing output voltage. Other names for the device are transimpedance amplifier and current-to-voltage converter. |
| Not all amplifiers are the same and are therefore classified | According to their circuit configurations and methods of operation. |
| There are many forms of electronic circuits classed as amplifiers | From Operational Amplifiers and Small Signal Amplifiers up to Large Signal and Power Amplifiers. |
| The classification of an amplifier | Depends upon the size of the signal, large or small, its physical configuration and how it processes the input signal that is the relationship between input signal and current flowing in the load. |
| An integrated circuit | Is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. |
| Integrated circuit used for | It could be an amplifier, it could be a microprocessor, it could be a USB to serial converter. It could be anything! |
| Electric charge | Generates electric field. the electric charge influences other electric charges with electric forces and influenced by the other charges with same force in the opposite direction |
| Electrical voltage | Electrical voltage is defined as electric potential difference between two points of an electric field |