Chapter 24 Lifespan Development
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| Improvements attributed to better health and longer life(5) | Improved sanitation, medications, immunizations, exercise and nutrition |
| Life Expectancy | The number of years an individual probably will live based on the average for others with similar characteristics |
| Factors that serve as predictors for longevity | Health, Happiness, Avoidance of tobacco products and job satisfaction |
| According to Healthy People 2020 what are some health indicators? | Access to health services, clinical preventative services, environmental quality, injury and violence, maternal, infant and child health, mental health, nutritional, physical activity and obesity, oral health, reproductive and sexual health, social determinants, substance abuse and tobacco |
| Infant Mortality Rate | Number of deaths before age 1 year. |
| What factors influence average life expectancy? | Gender, Social status, infant mortality rate, |
| Healthy People 2020 vision | A society in which all people live long, healthy lives |
| Healthy People 2020 goals for population over next 10 years | 1) To attain high-quality, longer lives for of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death 2) To achieve health equity, eliminate disparities and improve the health of all groups 3)To create social and physical environments that promote good health for all 4)To promote quality of life, healthy development and healthy behaviors across all life stages |
| Infant mortality rates in African Americans | Double that of white Americans |
| This is considered a lifelong process | Development |
| Eight Stages of Lifespan Development | Infancy(birth-1 year old), Toddler(1-3 years old), Preschool(3-5 years old), school age(6-12 years old), Adolescence(13-19 years old), Early Adulthood(20-40 years old), Middle Adulthood(40-65 years old), Late adulthood(65 and older) |
| Define Growth | An increase in size and may involve the entire being or parts within |
| Define Development | Function and gradual process of change and differentiation, from simple to complex |
| Cephalocaudal | Growth and development which proceeds from head toward the feet |
| Proximodistal | Growth and development which proceeds from center of body and moves outside |
| Principles of growth and development(5) | 1)Growth and Development proceed at highly individualized rates that vary from person to person. Two Individuals will likely not react in the same manner to the same stimuli 2)Growth and Development are continuous and interdependent processes characterized by spurts of growth and periods of rest 3)Growth and Development proceed from the simple to the complex in a predictable sequence of progressive changes 4)Growth and Development vary for specific structures at specific times. No all organs grow and develop at the same rates 5)Growth and Development are a total process that involves the whole person. The person grows physically, Socially, Mentally and emotionally. Types of growth are interrelated |
| What influences growth patterns? | Nutrition, heredity and environment |
| Chromosomes | Threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of genetic information. They are the blueprint for all inherited traits |
| Zygotes | The developing ovum from the time it is fertilized until, as a blastocyst, it is implanted in the uterus. |
| Biologic characteristics that are endowed at conception | Height, skin, hair, eye color, talents and interests |
| Conception | Union of the sperm and ovum which combines genetic material of both parents. Begins the process of development |
| Number of chromosomes in a zygote | 23 pairs or 46 Chromosomes |
| What chromosome determines the baby to be a boy? | Y Chromosome |
| Teratogen | A substance, agent or process that interferes with normal prenatal development, causing the formation of one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus |
| Examples of Teratogens | Drugs, alcohol, viruses and cigarette smoke |
| What percent of unfavorable outcomes in all pregnancies are estimated to be attributable to smoking | 5%-25% |
| Define family | A basic unit of society, composed of two or more individuals united by marriage, blood, adoption, emotional bonds and social roles |
| Basic Functions of a Family Unit(5) | Protection, Nurturance, Education, Sustenance and Socialization |
| Cultural Considerations for family | 1)Know the patients family and kinship 2)Understand the values, flow of authority and decision making patterns within the family 3)Understand different gender roles 4)Listen carefully to direct verbal and indirect non verbal cultural cues 5)Be aware of common foods and eating rituals 6)Recognize that religious beliefs are likely to affect a persons response to health, illness, birth and death |
| Nuclear Family | Family consisting of parents and their biologic offspring |
| Extended Family | Consists of the nuclear family and additional family such as grandparents, grandchildren, aunts and uncles who live in the same household |
| Single Parent Family | A result of death, divorce, separation or abandonment, comprises of of the head of household with sole responsibility of a child(biologic or otherwise) |
| Blended Family(Reconstituted) | Formed when adults remarry and bring together children from previous marriages. |
| Types of Stress Potentiated from Blended Family | Loss resulting from death or divorce may cause trust issues, the child may have loyalties to on parent resulting in difficulty bonding with stepparent, jealousies may arise as efforts are made to unite the stepchildren |
| Social Contract Family(Cohabitation) | Comprised of unmarried couple living together and sharing roles and responsibilities |
| Homosexual Family | Comprised of same-sex couple which shares bonds of emotional commitment and roles of child rearing. May consist of biologic, adopted or foster children |
| Transgender Family | Consists of one or more parent who have had a gender reassignment or are gender nonconforming. |
| Adoptive Family | A family unit comprised of a couple and adoptive children. Infertility is a possible indication for adoption |
| Grandfamilies | Families with children under 18 whom live with or in custody of their grandparents. Parental substance abuse is on off the most common reasons grandfamilies are becoming more prevalent |
| Foster Families | Results when biologic parents are unable or unwilling to provide adequate, safe care for their children. Children are typically place there by the court systems |
| Possible reasons for foster family placement | Traditionally involve abuse or neglect |
| How does the number of children in foster care differ from 2002 to 2012? | The number of children in foster care has decreased from 500,000 to 400,000. The actual percentage declined by 27.3% |
| Family Patterns | Refers to the way in which family members relate to one another |
| Types of Family Patterns(4) | 1)Autocratic Family Patterns-Relationships are unequal. The parents attempt to control the children through strict rigid rules and expectations. This family pattern is the least open to outside influence 2)Patriarchal Family Patterns-The adult male usually assumes a dominant role, functioning in the work role and is responsibility for control of finances and decision making 3)Matriarchal Family Pattern-Adult female assumes primary dominance in areas of child care, homemaking and in financial decision making 4)Democratic Family Pattern- Adult members function as equals. Children are treated with respect and recognized as individuals. Encouragement of joint decision making and recognition and support of uniqueness of each individual is common |
| Patriarchal Family Pattern | The adult male(or males of the family) usually assume the dominant role. Adult male member functions in the work role, is responsible for financial control and makes the decisions |
| Matriarchal Family Pattern(Matriofarcal) | The adult female(or females of the family) assume primary dominance in areas of childcare and housemaking and in financial decision making. |
| Democratic Family Pattern | Adult members function as equals. Children are treated with respect and recognized as individuals. This style encourages joint decision making and recognizes and supports the uniqueness of each individual member. This family pattern favors negotiation, compromise and growth |
| Qualities of functional families | 1)Sense of commitment toward promoting the members well-being 2)Sense of appreciation and encouragement for for tasks accomplished 3)Directed effort toward spending quality time with individual members 4)Sense of purpose that encourages progress during good and difficult times 5)Sense of harmony between members of the family 6)Effective communication between individuals 7)Established values, rules and beliefs 8)Variety of different coping techniques to enhance functioning 9)Use of effective problem-solving measures and the use of a variety of options 10)Positive outlook 11)Ability to be flexible and adapt to changes 12)Use of varied resources to facilitate coping skills |
| Stages of Family Development(When do they take place?) | 1)Engagement Stage(Begins when the the couple acknowledges to themselves and others that they are considering marriage 2)Establishment Stage(Extends from the wedding up until the birth of the first child) 3)Expectant Stage(Begins with conception and continues through pregnancy) 4)Parenthood Stage(Begins at birth or adoption of first child) 5)Disengagement Stage(Begins when the grown children depart from home) 6)Senescence Stage(Last stage of life cycle) |
| Most common contributors to family stress | Chronic Illness, Abuse and Divorce |
| Surrogacy | Agreement a woman makes to be artificially inseminated and then relinquish the parenting rights to the babies natural father or another couple |
| Engagement or commitment stage | Begins when the couple acknowledges to themselves and others that they are considering marriage. Housing, work and furnishings are some things that must be discussed and explored at this stage |
| Establishment Stage | Extends from the wedding up until the birth of the first child. Challenges include learning to live with another person and managing two-person living decisions, conflict resolution and communication |
| Expectant Stage | Begins with conception and continues through pregnancy. Important decisions that must be made include childbirth methods, continuation or modification of employment, child care, and feeding methods |
| Surrogacy | The agreement a woman makes to be artificially inseminated to bear a child and then relinquish the parenting rights to the baby's natural father or another couple |
| Parenthood Stage | Begins at birth/adoption of child until child's departure from home. Possible challenges include lack of time; less free time, less sleep, less time together, less intimate time, as well as doubt regarding ability and competency in new role |
| What is the parents role in managing stress within the child's life? | It is the job of the parent to observe and listen to their children for signs of stress, anticipate what holds potential stress ahead of time and allow the child to express themselves and feel validated |
| Factors that may affect individual ability to cope with chronic illness in family unit | Financial resources, family stability and adequacy of of the support system |
| What are some ways both parents working may cause stress on family unit | Less time with children and financial strain of finding child care may contribute to family stress |
| Optimal Daycare Qualities | Balance of age-appropriate educational structure, and open environment, ample space, variety of materials and activities, small class size with appropriate staff-child ratio, environment that fosters active staff involvement, positive encouragement and high quality care in a safe and healthy environment |
| Abuse | Physical, emotional, financial and verbal abuse, sexual assault, and neglect |
| What age group has the highest rate of victimization? | Children younger that 1 year old |
| Objective and measurable factors related to family violence | Financial strain, social isolation, low self-esteem and history of abuse |
| Common characteristics of an abusive parent | They were commonly abused themselves, are often loners, are strict, harsh and punitive, have unreasonable expectation, are immature, lack self control and have low self esteem |
| Factors of divorce that may inflict stress on family unit | Children may feel abandoned or no longer loved, bitterness and conflict regarding divorce and loyalty to one parent over the other |
| Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development(8) | 1)Infancy(Birth-1 year old, Trust vs. Mistrust) 2)Toddler(1-3 years old, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt) 3)Preschool(4-6 years old, Initiative vs. Guilt) 4)School Age(7-11 Years Old, Industry vs. Inferiority) 5)Adolescence(12-19 years old, Identity vs role confusion) 6)Young Adulthood(20-44 years old, Intimacy vs. Isolation) 7)Middle Adulthood(45-65 years old, Generativity vs. Stagnation) 8)Late Adulthood(65+ years old, Ego Integrity vs. Despair) |
| Intact Physiological functions required for speech | Respiratory system, Speech control centers of cerebral cortex, the articulation and resonance structures of mouth and nasal cavities |
| Acquisition of speech requires | An intact and discriminating auditory apparatus, intelligence, a need to communicate and stimulation |
| Basic Sequence of Language | 1)At 3 months, babbling. Infant is exploring all possible sounds they can make 2)At 1 year, recognition of words. Infants acquire ability to produce holophrases(one or two word phrases that convey complete message) 3) Preschool Age, acquisition of native language. Growth of vocabulary leaps from 50-200 words at 8 months, and 8000-14000 words from 2-6 years old. 4)6 years old, ability to speak and understand new words and sentence. Children become more consciously able to understand many ways language can be used |
| Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development(Birth-2 Years Old) | 1)Use of Senses and Motor Function to understand world 2)Develops schema 3)Begins to Interact with environment 4)Learns object permanence and begins to remember and imagine experiences 5)Develops thinking and goal-oriented behavior |
| Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development(2-7 Years Old) | 1)Develops egocentric thinking 2)Uses trial and error to discover new traits and characteristics 3)Conceptualizes time in present terms only 4)Uses Symbols to represent objects 5Develops more logical and intuitive thinking 6)Focuses on a single aspect of an object, producing some distortion of reality 7)Gains imaginative ability 8)Gradually begins to decenter view points |
| Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development(7-11 Years Old) | 1)Understands and applies logical operations or principles to help interpret information 2)Has more realistic viewpoints and better understands other viewpoints 3)Improves use of Memory 4)Multi-tasks and develops logical socialized thoughts 5)Recognizes cause-and-effect relationship 6)Learns to identify behavior outcome 7)Understands basic idea of conversation, number classification and other concrete ideas |
| Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development(12+ Year Old) | 1) Uses systematic, scientific problem-solving approach 2)Recognizes past, present and future 3)Able to think about abstract and hypothetical concepts and is able to move in thought from real to possible 4) Becomes more interested in ethics, politics and social and moral issues as ability to take a broader and more theoretic approach to experience increases |
| Development patterns of infancy | 1)Growth of 1 1/2 lbs per month from birth-6 months(weight doubles at 6 months and triples at 1 year old) 2)Weight gain is in form of fat to provide nourishment and insulation but transitions to bone and muscle weight gain after 8 months 3)Height increases by 1 inch/month for first 6 months. By 12 months height has increased by 50% of birth height 4)Vital signs: P-120 bpm, R-30, B/P 90/60 5)Teething begins at 6 months 6) At 2 months infant can hold head up in prone position, 4 months can hold head up steadily to 90* angle, 6 months can balance head well and 7 months ability to sit up steadily without support 7)Crawling at 7 months and Creeping at 9 months 8)Infant establishes trust vs. mistrust 9)Infant develops understanding of world through sensorimotor activities(First 4 months infant follows objects visually and auditorily, by 4 months binocular following and observation improved and recognition of familiar voices is noted, 4-8 months infant begins to recognize and imitate. |
| Signs of Teething | Irritability, edematous, red gums, excessive drooling and changes in stool |
| Schema | Innate knowledge structure that allows a child to mentally organize ways to behave in immediate environment and assimilate and interpret the information |
| S/s of underfed infant | Lack of satisfaction, cranky and fussy baby, little weight gain and persistent wrinkling of skin |
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome(SIDS) prevention | 1)Back to Sleep(Place infant on their backs to sleep 2)Avoid exposure to smoke 3)Avoid soft bedding or pillows(Avoid stuffed animals in bed) 4)Keep room well ventilated 5)Breast-feed if possible 6)Maintain regular medical checkups for infant |
| Development Patterns in Toddler | 1) Growth is slower than infancy but remains cephalocaudal and proximodistal. 2)Proportions result in top heavy appearance 3)Lumbar Lordosis and protruding abdomen noted 4) By age 2 1/2 years old all 20 deciduous teeth present 5) Vital Signs: P 90-120 bpm, B/P 80-100/64, T 98*-99*, R 20-30 6) By Age 2 walking and climbing stairs as well as fine motor skills. By age 3 hopping and copying circle 7)Toilet training at 18-24 months 8)Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt(toddler uses "no" and ritualistic behavior/repetitive rituals to self console 9)Preoperational thought stage 10)Parallel Play is noted |
| Promoting Safety with Infants and Young Children(Name 10) | Never leave unsupervised on elevated surface or in water, secure stairways and exits, keep crib sides up and mattress at lowest setting, Keep window locked and secured, Never use plastic bags as childs toy, avoid use of pillows with small infants, ensure crib meets US Consumer Product Safety regulation, Inspect toys for long strings and small removable parts, use one piece pacifiers only, Do not allow children to play with balloons, keep easily aspirated object out of reach, Lock up all poisons and medications out of reach, avoid hot fluids around infant, check temperature of food/formula before feeding, Turn pot handles toward back of sttove and removed burner knobs f within childs reach, avoid smoking near children, keep away from hot surfaces, use flame-retardant sleepwear, never call medication candy to facilitate administration, Keep poison control number accessible, keep plants out of reach, inspect house for chipped lead based paint, keep knives and forks away from children, supervise around animals, teach children early about street dangers and supervise play, instruct children others should not touch their private parts and to report happening if they occur(Accept story until proven otherwise), Always use safety seats and restraints when transporting infants |
| Development Patterns in Preschool Age | 1)Maturation of nervous system and mastery of motor skills noted 2)Average weight gain of 5lbs per year 3)Height increase at 4 years old double birth length 4)Gait becomes steadier 5)More capable of focusing and refining activities 6)Vision is farsighted(amblyopia may be noted) 7)Initiative vs. Guilt(test initiative without creating overrwhelming sense of guilt, gender identification and stereotyping of roles noted) 8)Preoperation stage of cognitive development(begins to think logically and intuitively 9)Able to carry conversations but pronunciation problems may be present until school age 10)Time is associated with weekly and seasonal events 11) Vital Signs: P 70-110 bpm, R 23, B/P 110/60, T 97*-99* 12) Interactive play noted(Stereotyping of roles in play cooking driving and shopping common) |
| Safety promotion in preschool children | Use proper equipment that fits the child, Never leave alone in pools of water(Teach child not to touch or go near pool drains, Inspect protective equipment for potential hazards, use sunscreen |
| Development Patters in School Age | 1)Growth of long bones and facial bones may be noted by "growing pains: 2) Height Increased by 2 inches between 6-12 years old 3) Weight increases by 4 1/2lbs to 6 1/2lbs between 6-12 years old 4)Girls become more graceful and boys stronger as motor functions develop(Straighter posture noted) 5)Vision balances out 6)Vital Signs: P 50-90bpm, R 22-24, B/P 110/65 7)By age 6 child begins to lose deciduous teeth 8)Industry vs. Inferiority(Entrance to school challenges Social an cognitive skills, child becomes ready to apply self to given tasks and develops own goals 9)Concrete operation phase of cognitive development(Need to classify sort and organize facts while still unable to deal with abstraction noted) 10)Good command of language(Verbal/Written), growth of vocabulary may extend to slang and swear words due to outside influences of school |
| Possible stressors of school age | Violence in media and bullying may contribute to stress |
| Safety precautions in school age | Educate on gun safety(do not touch guns(real or fake), leave area if gun is found and report to an adult Adults store guns and ammo in separate locations, keep gun locked up, as well as gun cleaning supplies which are commonly toxic Ensure school safety(Secure weapons in home, develop zero-tolerance programs with school officials, Work with PTA to make schools safe, Determine with school officials emergency and security plans, Maintain open line of communication between child, parent and school officials |
| Common Signs of Troubles Childhood | Difficulty getting along with peers, difficulty accepting authority and resisting directions, outbursts of uncontrolled behavior, bullying tendencies, Frequent victimizing and teasing, social isolation, poor school performance, violence to pets and living creatures, preoccupation with weapons and verbal expression of threatening behavior |
| Developmental Patterns of Adolescence | 1)Begins with puberty(the ability to reproduce begins, entails the maturation of reproductive system and all primary and secondary sexual developmental changes 2) 2nd stage of rapid growth(2-8 inches in females and 4-12 inches in males) 3)Weight gain(15-55lbs in women and 15-65lbs in males) 4) Average muscle/fat ratios;50% muscle 16% fat in men, 40% muscle 27% fat women 5)Females adolescents signaled by menarche(1st menstrual period): Males by sperm production 6)Vital Signs: P 70 bpm, R 20, B/P 120/70 7)Identity vs role confusion(Search for oneself may cause dissonance in home relationships, all previous psychosocial development stages must be re-challenged in light of new development 8)Formal Operation Stage of Though Cognitive Development(Higher thought permits abstract reasoning and scientific systematic problem solving 9)Challenging of moral and ethical beliefs to form own opinions |
| Primary vs. Secondary Puberty developmental changes | Primary changes occur in the organs related to reproduction(Ovaries, breasts, uterus, testes and penis) Secondary changes occur in other body parts(development of pubic hair, voice changes, fat deposits) |
| Safety Considerations with Adolescents | 1)Educate on Sports Safety(Use properly fitting safety equipment, play on properly maintained surface, perform warm-up exercises, avoid muscle overuse, insist on adequate supervision, obtain proper training, and treat existing injuries and prevent reinjury 2)Educate on safe sex practices(Be familiar with sexual partners lifestyles before engaging in sexual relations, avoid sexual relations with IV drug users or multiple sex partners, use condoms to avoid infection, inspect condoms for tears and ensure proper storage and use, avoid sexual relations with individuals with genital lesions or unusual drainage, Be aware that HIV infection increases with oral sexual practices |
| Developmental Patterns of Young Adulthood | 1)Optimal physical condition is reached 2)Increase in fatty tissue may occur due to decreased nutrient needs 3) Vision stable(begins to decline at about 40 years old) 4)Intimacy vs. Isolation(Financial responsibility, career choices as well as social relationships motivate the individual to grow socially. Such choices as entering marriage and becoming a parent commonly occur 5)Formal Operation Phase of Cognitive Development(Responsibilities motivate the individual to think in a more integrative way) 6)Rest needed decreases to 7-9 hours of restorative sleep |
| Signs of Depression | Change in appetite, change in mood, inability to concentrate, loss of interest in activities, change in sleep patterns, talk of suicide, preoccupation with death or dying, giving away possessions |
| What is the leading cause of disability and death in young adults | Accidents(Work, vehicle, sports and violence) |
| Developmental Patterns in Middle adulthood | 1)Bone Mass decreases as skeletal growth cells become depleted(Risk of Osteoporosis increases) 2) Women enter menopause(Loss of calcium due to menopause may further increase risk of Osteoporosis) 3)Height may decrease due to disc compression and hardening of collagen fiber 4)Decreased basal metabolism as well as possible decreased activity may contribute to body shape and muscle mass changes 5)Presbyopia develop around age 40+(Necessity for annual eye exams) 6)Presbycusis develops around age 40+(Necessity or annual exams) 7)Skin elasticity decreases and hair may turn gray/white 8)Increase incidence of periodontal disease(Promotion of dental care may be necessary) 9) Possible decreased sex drive 10)Generativity vs. Stagnation(Desire to mentor younger generations may facilitate personal fulfillment and provide mutual growth, Family roles change as well as spousal relationship as children leave home) |
| Developmental Tasks of Middle Adulthood | Balances goals and realities and redirects energies as necessary Extends caring and concern beyond immediate family Develops career and job satisfaction Adapts to physical changes Establishes new roles and relationships with spouse, children, grandchildren and parents |
| Common Age Related Changes of Late Adulthood | 1)Mineral Salts move from bones to blood making bones more porous and ligaments less elastic 2)Fewer Nerve cells slow reaction time, decrease tactile sensitivity, pain perception, and alter motor coordination 3)Taste and smell perception decline 4)Vision decreases from presbyopia, cataracts develop, visual field constricts, decreased depth perception and decreased tear function 5)Hearing decreases from Presbycusis, increased wax build up and increase in degenerative changes in ear structure 6)Alveoli become thinner and smaller decreasing gas exchange 7)Decreased blood cell production and loss of elasticity and narrowing off blood vessels increases blood pressure. Decreased cardiac output 8)Skin begins to wrinkle and become mottled 9)Slowing of thyroid gland activity, basal metabolic rate and hormone production decreases 10)Fewer cells in kidney, decreased renal blood flow, less effective filtration, decreased bladder elasticity and capacity |
| Developmental Patterns of Late Adulthood | 1) Many body functions begin to decline 2)Slow increase in body weight may be noted(Higher deposits of adipose tissue) 3)Loss of height may be noted due to spinal curvature and thinning of intervertebral disk 4)Ego Integrity vs. Despair(Successes, failures, strengths and weaknesses and all experiences may influence emotional stability of older adult. Evaluation of ones life and accomplishments will determine ones sense of satisfaction and meaning in life. Commonly reminiscing about life validates importance and meaning of the individuals life) 5)Becoming a grandparent challenges and influences the individuals family role. 6)Cognitive function is commonly ale to be maintained ore improved(Some practical abilities may decline with age, Memory is often slow but more accurate, Alzheimer's and dementia not normal to aging) 7)Less sleep is necessary(night-time awakenings common) |
| Ageism | Form of discrimination and prejudice against older adults |
| Biologic Theories of aging | 1)Autoimmunity Theory(States that with aging the body becomes less able to recognize and tolerate itself. As a result, the immune system produces antibodies to act against itself 2)Free radical theory(States that highly reactive cellular components known as free radicals reduce cellular efficiency and cause cellular waste to accumulate. These free radicals are said to accelerate aging and result in death of the organism 3) Wear and tear theory(States that structural and functional changes associated with growing old are accelerated by abuse of the body 4)Genetic Theory(States that life expectancy is hereditary. |