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Controlling Gene Expression


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In English
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Paul Bishop


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[Front]


What is any change to the structure or quantity of the DNA of an organism known as?
[Back]


Mutation

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What are totipotent stem cells?
Cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell.
How are pluripotent stem cells different from totipotent stem cells?
They can differentiate into all cells apart from those of the placenta
What are iPS cells?
Induced pluripotent Stem Cells that have been genetically engineered from unipotent stem cells.
What is transcription?
The first stage of protein synthesis in which messenger RNA is produced from an exposed DNA sense strand.
The presence of the female hormone oestrogen can enter a cell and instigate transcription - how does it enter the cell?
As it is a lipid-soluble, steroid hormone, it can easily diffuse through the phospholipid bi-layer of the plasma membrane.
When an oestrogen molecule binds to a TF, what happens to effectively "switch-on" transcription?
The binding site will change shape to make it complementary to the specific region of DNA so transcription can commence.
What is the result of increased acetylation of histone proteins?
Looser, less condensed DNA with easer access to DNA for transcription factors.
What is the result of increased Methylation of DNA?
Tighter, more condensed DNA with reduced access to DNA for transcription factors.