Criminal psychology
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Real life application of Bandura? | Watershed, violent tv starting at 9pm so children are in bed. |
| What is the social learning theory? | Criminality can be learnt from other rather than through direct reinforcement |
| Real life application of Bandura? | Watershed, violent tv starting at 9pm so children are in bed. |
| What does Bandura claim about observational learning? | Criminality is cuased by it, it invloved observing and modeling th epoeple around us |
| Real life application of Bandura? | Watershed, violent tv starting at 9pm so children are in bed. |
| Real life application of Bandura? | Watershed, violent tv starting at 9pm so children are in bed. |
| What is modelling? | Something that is more likely to happen when the person is being obersied is a role model. The person may admire or look up to them and identify with them due to age or gender. |
| Real life application of Bandura? | Watershed, violent tv starting at 9pm so children are in bed. |
| What are the 4 parts of the modelling process? | Attention, retention, reproduction and motiviation. |
| Real life application of Bandura? | Watershed, violent tv starting at 9pm so children are in bed. |
| What is attention in the modelling process? | Paying attention to the model is a condition for learning |
| What is retention in the modelling process? | Remembering what the model did is a condition for imitating the model's behaviour |
| What is reproduction in the modelling process? | People must have the capcity (skills) for imitiating the behaviour |
| What was the desgin of the Bandura study? | Matched paris |
| What was the sample size, age, gender, background? | 72 children 37-69 months 50:50 boy girl Stanford university nusery school |
| How were they devided into groups ? | 8 subgroups, 6 people in each, control group of 24 participatns. Each group had eaither a boy or a girl role modle. |
| How were the children matched? | Aggression levels that were observed before |
| How did the children react in the non-agressive condition in contrast to the agressive contion | NA sat and plyed quietly. Aggressive group were more physcially and verbally aggressive. |
| Some identificiations of agressive actions? | Trhrowing mallet at Bobo doll, punching, it sitting on it, pinching nose, throwing it in the air. |
| How were the children observed? | 20 minutes intervals, one way mirror. 5 second intervals of behaviour obsered. |
| Gender difference found? | Boys imitated more verbal and physical agression after being exposed to a male role modle rather an female. |
| Boys agression in contrast to girls? | Boys more phsycailly agressive, no difference between verbal aggression. |
| How did Bandura explain the aggression with the children? | Exposure to aggressive role model weakenn inhbitory repsonses in the childen and increases the likelihood that the childen will exhibit aggressive reactions. |
| Real life application of Bandura? | Watershed, violent tv starting at 9pm so children are in bed. |
| Strength? | Supported by Bandura, shows the agressive behaviour of role modle |
| Strength? | Imrpove parenting, watershed TV. Awaness of role models and limiting violent TV |
| Weakness? | Doesn't take into account personality and genetics only the environemnt in which the child grows up in |
| Weakness? | Challeneged by Charlton, bevhaiour is not significantly affected by observing role modles on TV |
| Conclusion for the little change? | Children were a close knit community, they knew each other and they didn't want the staff to see thme break the good behaviour. They needed to be good because everyone knows and watches. |
| What was the aim ? | To investigate the impact of television on the social behaviour of young children. |
| NA | NA |
| What was the sample? | Random smaple children between ages of 3-8 160 childen. |
| What was the procedure? | Behaviour of children were recorded 4 months before TV Repeated from year 1944 and 2000 |
| How would the data of the video coded? | Using 8 selected items of prosocial and antisocial behaviours on the POBS (playground behaviour observation scale). Inter-code reliablity was used. |
| How much data did the they get after the TV was introduced? | 8, 30 mintues time frames. 64 times. |
| What did they see with the results? | 2 showed a decrease in antisocial behaviour 5 showed a decrease in prosocial behaviour 2 showed an increase in prosocial behaviour |
| Differences between genders? | Boys committing 4 times more anti-social acts. But pro-social behaviour took place twice as much throughout anyway. |
| Conclusion for the little change? | Children were a close knit community, they knew each other and they didn't want the staff to see thme break the good behaviour. They needed to be good because everyone knows and watches. |
| What is the biological explanation? | Genes influence criminal behaviour, it has been passed down through familes. |
| How did people test this explanation? | They used twin studies, seeing as they shared 100% or 50% of the same genetic information |
| How did twins help? | Compare the criminal behaviour in genetically identical and non-identical twins |
| What was the sample for the Christiansen study? | 3586 pairs of twins |
| Concordance rate of male monozygotic twins in Christiansen's study? | 35% of shared criminal behaviour |
| Concordance rate of male dizygotic twins in Christiansen's study? | 13% of shared criminal behaviour |
| Concordance rate of female monozygotic twins in Christiansen's study? | 21% of shared criminal behaviour |
| Concordance reate of female dizygotic twins in Christiansen's study? | 8% of shared criminal behaviour |
| What does Christiansen's results show? | Genes play a role because of the greater similarity in identical twins can be explained by their greater genetic similairty |
| What did the adoption studies want to find? | Isolate genetic factors and upbrining has on thier behaviour. Criminal records of their biological parents and adoptive parents were compared to the child's |
| What did Hutchings find about adopted children and biological parents ? | 21% of adopted children went to commit a crime that their biological father had been convicted of. |
| What did Hutchings find about adotped children and their adoptive parents? | 10% children who biological father didn't commit a crime but thier adoptive father did. |
| What does extraverison mean? | Behaviour is outgoing and sensation-seeking |
| What is introversion? | Reserved, calm and quiet |
| What is neuroticism? | Highly emotional and quick to overract |
| What is psychotism ? | Lacks empathy, cold and can be agressive. |
| What do people with high extraverison tend to seek? | Increased stimuliationot raise thier arousal level becuase they experience low arosual in thier nervous system. |
| What do people with high nuerotiscim tend to do? | More likely to overeact beucase they have a nervous sytem that responds quickly to stressors |
| What did Eysnck believe with high levels of psychoticism? | Person lacked empthy and likekihood of antisocial behaviour. |
| Strength of Eysenck? | Allows for interaction between nature and nuture, nervous system creates perosnlity traits that affect how we are raised. More holistic. |
| Strength of biological explanation? | There is supporting edvience from Christiansen's twin study. But they can't be the only correlation becuase the gene hasn't been isolted. |
| Weakness of biological explanation? | The EPQ is a self report, the valitiy can be affected by social desirability bias |
| Strength of biological explanation? | Applied usefully by parents to identify thier child's perosnilty traits |
| Weakness of biological explanation? | Its a biological theory which is fixed at brith so it cannot be applied to help reduce criminal behaviour. |
| What is prison? | A building where popele are legally held for a length of time that is proportionate to the crime they have committed. |
| Why is prison said to be effective? | Based on the principles of operant conditioning, positive form of punsishment, allowes for reinforcement due to routine. |
| Strengths of prison? | Keeps the public safe, makes sure that the crime won't be commmited later |
| Strength of prison? | Acts as a deterreent, stop other people becasue they are afraid that they will get caught. |
| Weakness of prison? | High recidivism rates, it doesnt prevent young offenders from reoffending, not fully effective. |
| Weakness of prison | Exposed to criminal role models, reinforcement of committing a crime bigger than punishment. They find a criminal job to support themselves after to make sure they are financially stable. |
| What is community sentencing? | Person has to do community service instead of going to priso. Usually for minor offences or first offences. |
| Strength of community sentencing | It gives the offenders 2nd chances make up for the crime to the community. Prevents criminals from getting connections instead prison, don't get influenced. |
| Strenght of community service | Given under apporopriate circumstances, more suitable punishent that avoids negative reinforcement from prison |
| Weakness of community service? | Only 30% recidivism not effective. They can still enage in criminal activies bc thye are not locked up. Higher likelihood of refoffening after the community sentence. |
| Weakness of community service? | Over 10% of peopel fail to complete they community serive, this may be because they fail to show up and break their curfew. |
| What is restoriative justice? | Practice that involves the offended to meet up with and communicate with the victim they have harmed in the crime. |
| Strength of restoriative justice? | High stratification of 85%. Allows the victims to communicate and ask question to move on with thier livs. But may be more effecitve for victim rather than offender. |
| Strength of restorative justice? | 14% in recidivism. But the offender has to go through restorative justice voluntarily |
| Weakness of restorative justice? | Causes distress for both victim and offender. Mediator has to make sure the conversation is helpful and in a safe environment. |
| Weakness of resotrative justice? | Time-consuming and costly. |
| Weakness of anger programme? | Offenders can abuse the programmes and use these skills to maniplulate people. Marine Rice suggests that psychopaths can use may be more likely to reoffend because they use these skills to manipulate others. |
| Weakness of anger programme? | Offenders can abuse the programmes and use these skills to maniplulate people. Marine Rice suggests that psychopaths can use may be more likely to reoffend because they use these skills to manipulate others. |
| What is token economy programmes? | Tokens are secondary reinforcement and can be exchnges for primary reinforments that have genuine vluve to prisoners. |
| What is the aim of token economy? | Decrease anti-socil behaviour and promote prosocial behaviour, based of the principlaes of operant conditioning. |
| What are the 3 stages of coginitive behavioural therapy? | Cognitive preparation Skills acquisation Application practice |
| What is cognitive preparation? | Offenders reflects on what makes them angry and what triggers this behaviour and why they are feeling that way |
| What is skill acquisation? | Offender learns a new skill to help them control thier anger and relax, find a different soltion other than anger |
| What is application practice? | Practices thier new anger management skill through role-play situations. |
| Strength of token economy | There has been evidence of short-term increase of pro-social beahviour within prison. Tom Hobbs and Micheal Holt saw increase with young offenders. |
| Weakness of token economy? | Control behaviour but not decrease recidivism. They havent got this in every day life, limited to prison environment. |
| Strenght of anger management programmes? | Offenders are carefully selected, stops violent crims bc of anger. |
| Weakness of anger programme? | Offenders can abuse the programmes and use these skills to maniplulate people. Marine Rice suggests that psychopaths can use may be more likely to reoffend because they use these skills to manipulate others. |
| Strength? | Concept of reward and punishment can be usef to reduce crime |
| Strength? | Can be used to explain why someone by murder, becuase of negative reinformance. Unlikely to learn this through observation of criminal behaviour. |
| Weakness? | Challenged by Bandura, agression can be learnt without reinformance, no reward needed just observation needed. |
| Weakness? | Nature debate, criminality is learnt from the environment. Doesn't take into acount personality and genetics. |