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Cytoplasm and Organelles

A course to help with the learning material, Cytoplasm and Organelles.


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[Front]


What is the function of cytoplasm?
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Acts as a medium for mechanical and chemical reactions.

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What is the function of cytoplasm?
Acts as a medium for mechanical and chemical reactions.
Describe rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
- A network of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae). - It extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm. - Contain ribosomes attached on the surface, sometimes stringed up by the mRNA (eg. polyribosomes/polysomes).
What type of proteins does RER synthesize?
- Secretory proteins. - Integral membrane proteins. - Soluble proteins enclosed within the endomembrane system (ER, golgi, lysosomes).
Describe cytoplasm.
- The cytoplasm is located outside the nucleus and enclosed within the plasma membrane. - It consists of the liquid cytosol and cellular organelles.
Describe endoplasmic reticulum.
- A system of membrane-enclosed tubules and flattened sacs (cisternae). - It encloses a space that is separated from the cytosol.
What are the types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER); Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
Explain how RER modifies newly synthesized proteins.
RER modifies newly synthesized proteins by: - having oligosaccharyltransferase add CHO from dolichol to the nascent proteins - then the molecular chaperone assists in the folding of the proteins
What is the function of SER in liver cells?
- SER contains glucose-6-phosphatase which releases the glucose from glucose-6-phosphate to form a phosphate group and free glucose. - The free glucose then goes into the bloodstream.
What is formed during the folding of proteins in the RER?
Disulfide bonds are fromes by disulfide isomerase.
Describe smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
- Made up of interconnected membranous tubules. - There is no ribosome attached to its surface. - Has specialized function depending on the cell type.
Label the following structures according to the order shown:
1. trans-Golgi network 2. Medial cisternae 3. cis-Golgi network
What is the function of SER in skeletal muscle cells?
- As SER contains a high concentration of calcium-binding proteins, it functions to regulate the release of calcium ions for muscle contraction.
Describe the Golgi Apparatus.
Consists of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs (cisternae) arranged in a curved stack and vesicles.
What are the functions of RER?
Synthesize proteins and modify newly synthesized proteins.
What are the functions of SER?
- Synthesize lipid, phospholipids and steroids. - Perform detoxification in the liver.
Explain what happens in trans-Golgi.
In trans-Golgi, proteins are segregated into different types of vesicles.
What are the functions of Golgi apparatus?
- Processing: protein trimming, amino acids modification, glycosylation to produce membrane proteins, secretory and lysosomal proteins. - Synthesize complex polysaccharides (eg. mucopolysaccharide aka glycosaminoglycans). - Sort and pack proteins in vesicles to be sent to proper destinations.
Describe lysosome.
- Small membrane-bound organelle (25nm–1µm). - The cell's digestive organelle. - Contains ~50 different types of hydrolytic enzymes to digest every type of biological macromolecules. - All enzymes are acid hydrolases –> pH 4.6 in the lysosomal compartment. - Has a high internal proton concentration (low pH) maintained by a proton pump at the membrane. - Has highly glycosylated integral proteins that serve as a protective lining.
State 3 types of hydrolytic enzymes that can be found in lysosome.
(Any of these 3 that we learned in the slide) - Nuclease. - Protease. - Poly- and oligosaccarideases. - Spingolipid and lipid-hydrolyzing enzymes. -Phosphatases.
What is A and B?
A: External material breakdown. B: Autophagy.
Explain what happens in cis-Golgi.
In cis-Golgi, the proteins that need to be shipped back to the ER and those to be further processed in Golgi are sorted out.
What are the functions of lysosome?
- Responsible for the breakdown of ingested external materials. - Responsible for organelle turnover (destruction of the cell's own organelles). This is also called autophagy. - Allow cells to continually renew itself by using digested products (eg. simple sugar, aa)—nutrients for reuse.
The deficiency of GM1 β-galactosidase causes __________ in which the patient suffers from _________ and death by the age of 2.
The deficiency of GM1 β-galactosidase causes GM1 Gangliosidosis in which the patient suffers from mental retardation and death by the age of 2.
The deficiency of ___________ causes __________ in which the patient suffers from mental and motor retardation, and death.
The deficiency of hexosaminidases A causes Tay-Sachs in which the patient suffers from mental and motor retardation, and death.
What is the role of mitochondria in apoptosis?
Mitochondria releases pro-apoptotic proteins including a group of cysteine proteases (caspases) that proteolytically dismantle most cellular structures.
Describe the synthesis of the different types of protein by cytosolic ribosomes.
Different types of proteins synthesized: - Proteins destined to remain in the cytosol. - Peripheral proteins of the inner surface of the plasma membrane. - Proteins that are transported to the nucleus. - Proteins that are transported to the peroxisomes and mitochondria.
The deficiency of ceramidase causes __________ in which the patient suffers from painful, deformed joints, ________, and death within a few years.
The deficiency of ceramidase causes Farber's lipogranulomatosis in which the patient suffers from painful, deformed joints, skin nodules, and death within a few years.
State the function of mitochondrion.
Produce energy in the form of ATP.
What are the organelles classified in the endomembrane system?
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER). - Golgi apparatus. - Endosomes.
The mutation of mitochondrial DNA causes Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON). Briefly describe the disease.
- Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is an inherited form of vision loss. - Starts with clouding.
What are the functions of the peroxisome?
Contains > 50 enzymes which are involved in diverse activities, which are: - Oxidation of the very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). - Synthesis plasmalogens phospholipids (nyelin sheath of axon in the brain). - Synthesis and degradation of hydrogen peroxide.
Describe microfilament.
Solid, thinner structure composed of the protein actin.
Briefly describe the following organelle:
- Simple, membrane-bound organelle. - Contains a dense crystalline core of oxidative enzymes.
What are the functions of the endomembrane system?
- Functions as the secretory or biosynthetic pathway:  RER —> GA —> PM, Lysosome, secreted. - Allows a constitutive or regulated secretion. - Functions as the endocytic pathway: Lysosomes, endosomes.
Describe microtubule.
Rigid tube composed of the protein tubulin.
State the functions of the cytoskeleton.
- Provides structural support. - Serves as an internal framework for the positioning of various organelles. - Serves as the site for anchoring mRNA. - Serves as a highway network that directs intracellular movement. - The force-generating apparatus that moves cells from one place to another. - Cytoskeletal elements make up the apparatus for chromosome separation and cytokinesis during mitosis and meiosis.
What are kinesin and dynein, and where are they found?
- Motor proteins. - Found on microtubules in the cytoskeleton.
Briefly describe the endomembrane system.
Endomembrane system is a dynamic integrated network of shuttling materials.