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If you describe an action, rule, or decision as arbitrary, you think that it is not based on any principle, plan, or system. It often seems unfair because of this. Example: The committee had arbitrary rules.

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ARBITRARY

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ENGLISH VOCABULARY - Details

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1) Chapter 1 View

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134 questions

🇬🇧		🇬🇧

If you describe an action, rule, or decision as arbitrary, you think that it is not based on any principle, plan, or system. It often seems unfair because of this. Example: The committee had arbitrary rules.

ARBITRARY

Spread and promote (an idea, theory, etc.) widely. Example: The French propagated the idea that the English were violent and gluttonous drunkards.

PROPAGATE

A set of beliefs or aims which guide someone's actions. Example: Liberalism was more than a political creed.

CREED

To express your ideas or feelings in spoken words. Example: She has one great fear to which she will never give utterance.

UTTERANCE

The act of piloting an aircraft or ship/The money paid to a pilot for taking a ship in or out of port, etc.

PILOTAGE

A member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger regular forces. Example: Serving in the Japanese Army as agent or spy and participating in the raid of guerrilla hideout. (People vs. Munoz - Article 114 Treason)

GUERRILLA

To prevent something from being expressed or known. Example: He was accused of suppressing evidence.

SUPPRESS

The criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property. Example: Police are treating the fire as arson.

ARSON

Evidence which confirms or supports a statement, theory, or finding; confirmation. Example: There is no independent corroboration for this.

CORROBORATION

Betrayal of trust; deceptive action or nature. Example: His resignation was perceived as an act of treachery.

TREACHERY

The action of planning something (especially a crime) beforehand. Example: The defendant said there was no planning or premeditation.

PREMEDITATION

The quality of being fierce or cruel. / KALUPITAN. Example: A crime of the utmost savagery.

SAVAGERY

In fact, or in effect, whether by right or not. / Correct in Fact but not by Law. Example: He island has been de facto divided into two countries.

DE FACTO

Constraint illegally exercised to force someone to perform an act. Example: Confessions extracted under duress.

DURESS

The quality or fact of being very determined; determination. Example: You have to admire the tenacity of these two guys.

TENACITY

Defiance of authority; refusal to obey orders. Example: He was dismissed for insubordination.

INSUBORDINATION

An open rebellion against the proper authorities, especially by soldiers or sailors against their officers. / PAGHIHIMAGSIK. Example: A mutiny by those manning the weapons could trigger a global war.

MUTINY

Block (an opening, path, road, etc.); be or get in the way of. Example: She was obstructing the entrance.

OBSTRUCT

Keep (a thought or feeling, typically a negative one) in one's mind, especially secretly. Example: She started to harbor doubts about the wisdom of their journey.

HARBOR

A house or building, together with its land and outbuildings, occupied by a business or considered in an official context. Example: Business/School premises.

PREMISES

An act of damage or injury against an enemy in reaction to an act of damage or injury done to you. Example: Employees didn’t speak out about the company’s pollution for fear of reprisal.

REPRISAL

Urge or persuade (someone) to act in a violent or unlawful way. / PAG-UUDYOK. Example: He incited loyal subjects to rebellion.

INCITE

Unimportant under the circumstances; irrelevant. Example: So long as the band kept the beat, what they played was immaterial.

IMMATERIAL

Communication by exchanging letters with someone. Example: Correspondence with the hostile country. (Article 120 - RPC 2)

CORRESPONDENCE

A secret or disguised way of writing; a code. Example: He was writing cryptic notes in a cipher.

CIPHER

Without being aware; unintentionally. Example: Any users unwittingly expose their personal details to strangers online.

UNWITTINGLY

Unfriendly; antagonistic. Example: A hostile audience. / Correspondence with a hostile country. (Article 120 - RPC 2)

HOSTILE

Lose or be without hope. Example: We should not despair.

DESPAIR

Pretentious, fancy highfalutin people. Example: He invited one of his highfalutin buddies, the president of Credit Default Swaps-R-Us, to come along.

HIGHFALUTIN

Attempting to impress by affecting greater importance, talent, culture, etc., than is actually possessed. Example: They are a pretentious bunch of women who think that wearing expensive clothes is the only way of showing off social status.

PRETENTIOUS

To cause or aid the development of. / NAGKUKUBLI. Example: Treason may be incubated when peace reigns. (Article 114 - Treason)

INCUBATE

Carry out or commit (a harmful, illegal, or immoral action). Example: Treasonable acts may actually be perpetrated during peace, but there are no traitors until war has started. (Article 114 - Treason)

PERPETRATE

The period of time during which someone or something is the best or the most important, powerful, etc. / NAGHAHARI. Example: Treason may be incubated when peace reigns. (Article 114 - Treason)

REIGN

Incapable of producing any useful result; pointless. / WALANG SAYSAY. Example: A futile attempt to keep fans from mounting the stage.

FUTILE

Impose (a tax, fee, or fine). Example: Any Filipino citizen levies war against the Philippines. (Article 114 - Treason)

LEVY

To take possession of by force or at will. Example: To seize enemy ships. (Article 122 - Piracy in General)

SEIZE

Something that completes. / So, that means if something complements something else, it completes it, enhances it, or makes it perfect. Example: A shirt can complement the color of someone’s eyes, or a wine can complement a meal.

COMPLEMENT

The intent to steal. Example: It is robbery or forcible depredation on the high seas, without lawful authority and done with ANIMO FURANDI. (Definition of Piracy - Article 122)

ANIMUS FURANDI

Someone who appeals for a legal or official decision to be changed. Example: Accused-appellant argues that in order... (People vs. Catantan / Article 122 - Piracy)

APPELLANT

In a direct and uncompromising manner; without equivocation; directly. Example: They placed the blame squarely on the president.

SQUARELY

The scope of the influence or concerns of something. Example: Such a case might be within the purview of the legislation.

PURVIEW

The action or state of forcing or being forced to do something; constraint. Example: The payment was made under compulsion.

COMPULSION

Steal goods from (a place or person), typically using force and in a time of war or civil disorder. Example: Looters moved into the disaster area to plunder stores.

PLUNDER

Persuade (an unwilling person) to do something by using force or threats. Example: In order to coerce the Government to give in to an unlawful demand. (Article 123 - Qualified Piracy)

COERCE

Indifferent to moral restraints; given to immoral or improper conduct; licentious; dissipated. / (of a person) living in a way that other people strongly disapprove of. Example: He led a dissolute life, drinking, and womanizing till his death.

DISSOLUTE

Dissolute behavior. Example: Mutiny under Article 122 thereby SOWING and creating a condition of extraordinary fear and panic among populace. (Article 123 - When Piracy and Mutiny considered as Terrorism)

SOW

If you're lacking the basic necessities of life — food, water, political freedom, and so on — you're suffering from privation. / a state of extreme poverty. Example: Ramseyer, his wife and infant son (the child died of privation shortly afterwards), and Mr J.

PRIVATION

Give assistance or aid to. Example: But after 11 days of hardship and privation they were succored. (People vs. Lil-lo / Article 123 - Qualified Piracy)

SUCCOR

In the middle of. Example: In the midst of pandemic.

MIDST

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views. / KALAYAAN. Example: Compulsory retirement would interfere with individual liberty.

LIBERTY

Deny (a person or place) the possession or use of something. / BAWIIN. Example: The city was deprived of its water supplies.

DEPRIVE

A place of residence; a house or home. Example: My humble abode.

ABODE

Weakened or damaged. Example: An impaired banking system.

IMPAIRED

An act of saying or showing that something is true. Example: They nodded their heads in affirmation.

AFFIRMATION

To shorten by omissions while retaining the basic contents. / To reduce or lessen in duration, scope, authority, etc.; diminish; curtail. Examples: To abridge a reference book. / To abridge a visit; To abridge one's freedom.

ABRIDGE

An official statement of a complaint over something believed to be wrong or unfair. / REKLAMO. Example: Three pilots have filed grievances against the company.

GRIEVANCE

An illness, typically a minor one. Example: When he is not suffering from violent insanity or any other ailment requiring compulsory confinement in a hospital. (Art 124 - Arbitrary Detention ; "without legal grounds".

AILMENT

The state of being forced to stay in a prison or another place which you cannot leave. / PAGKAKULONG. Example: She had been held in solitary confinement for four months.

CONFINEMENT

Arrest (someone) for a crime. Example: A warrant was issued but he has not been apprehended.

APPREHEND

A measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits. / PAGPIGIL. Example: Decisions are made within the financial restraints of the budget.

RESTRAINT

Caught in the act of committing and offense. Example: When a suspect is caught in flagrante delicto. (Article 124 - Arbitrary Detention)

FLAGRANTE DELICTO

Information received from other people that one cannot adequately substantiate; rumor. / TSISMIS. Example: Not based on mere hearsay. (Probable Cause in Article 124 - Arbitrary Detention)

HEARSAY

To express a quality or feeling through the way that you look and behave. Example: Her face emanated sadness.

EMANATE

A bitter brownish addictive narcotic drug that consists of the dried latex obtained from immature seed capsules of the opium poppy. / KIND OF DRUG. Example: He was addicted to opium.

OPIUM

A disagreement, argument, or debate. Example: A territorial dispute between the two countries.

DISPUTE

Is a court order demanding that a public official (such as a warden) deliver an imprisoned individual to the court and show a valid reason for that person's detention. Example: Europe was first to introduce habeas corpus and the jury system

HABEAS CORPUS

You express disagreement with a decision or opinion, especially one that is supported by most people or by people in authority. Example: Dissenting opinion of Justice Tuason in the case of Sayo v. Chief of Police. (Article 124 - Arbitrary Detention)

DISSENT

A failure in reasoning which renders an argument invalid. Example: These fallacies occur when someone accepts a truth on blind faith just because someone they admire said it.

FALLACY

To commit: to perpetrate a crime. to present, execute, or do in a poor or tasteless manner. Example: Human rights activists have accused the country's government of a systematic perpetration of violence.

PERPETRATION

Based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise. Example: A prima facie case of professional misconduct.

PRIMA FACIE

Not prudent : lacking discretion, wisdom, or good judgment. Example: An imprudent investor.

IMPRUDENCE

For an unlimited or unspecified period of time. Example: If the arrest is made with a warrant of arrest, the person arrested can be detained indefinitely until his case is decided by the court.

INDEFINITELY

It may refer to the sentence given to a convicted juvenile defendant, or to the final determination of a matter (such as a case or motion) by a court. It may also be defined as "transfer to the care, possession, or ownership of another" as well as "the power of such transferal. Example: Disposition of person arrested without warrant.

DISPOSITION

A written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court. Example: A former employee swore an affidavit relating to his claim for unfair dismissal.

AFFIDAVIT

To consider or judge something in a particular way. Example: Duty of detaining officer is deemed complied with upon the filing of the complaint with the judicial authority.

DEEM

Death, destruction, or some other terrible fate. / WAKAS. Example: The aircraft was sent crashing to its doom in the water.

DOOM

Make a physical attack on. Example: He pleaded guilty to assaulting a police officer.

ASSAULT

Branch of Government that interprets the law. Example: The independence of the judiciary

JUDICIARY

Of or relating to a judgment, the function of judging, the administration of justice, or the judiciary judicial processes judicial powers. Example: A judicial inquiry into the allegations.

JUDICIAL

The courts of justice or judges of said courts vested with judicial power to order the temporary detention or confinement of a person charged with having committed a public offense, that is, "Supreme Court and such inferior courts as may be established by law. (Sec. 1, Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution).

JUDICIAL AUTHORITIES

The establishment or starting point of an institution or activity. /UMPISA. Example: The investigation must be terminated within 15 days from its inception. (Waiver of the provisions of Article 125)

INCEPTION

An act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct. / PAGLABAG. Example: Breach of contract.

BREACH

Reject or void, especially by legal procedure. Example: Motion to quash.

QUASH

To consult or discuss something together; compare ideas or opinions. / To give an official title, honor, or advantage to someone. Example: The officials were conferring with allies. / Moves were made to confer an honorary degree on her.

CONFER

The protective care or guardianship of someone or something. Example: The property was placed in the custody of a trustee.

CUSTODY

About to happen. / NALALAPIT. Example: They were in imminent danger of being swept away.

IMMINENT

Excessively or improperly. / SOBRA or MASYADO. Example: By unduly delaying the service of the notice of such order to said prisoner. (Punishable under Article 126 - Delaying release)

UNDULY

A person responsible for the supervision of a particular place or thing or for ensuring that regulations associated with it are obeyed. / BANTAY. Example: Wardens and jailers are the public officers most likely to violate Article 126.

WARDEN

Any legal filing, hearing, trial or judgment in the on-going conduct of a lawsuit or criminal prosecution. / PAGLILITIS. Example: There is a proceeding upon a petition for the liberation of such person. (Article 126 - Delaying release)

PROCEEDING

To that place, thing, etc. Example: His agent thereunto lawfully authorized in writing or by will.

THEREUNTO

Means banishment or only a prohibition from residing within the radius of 25 kilometers from the actual residence of the accused for a specified length of time. It is not imprisonment. Example: Any person sentenced to destierro shall not be permitted to enter the place or places designated in the sentence.

DESTIERRO

A person who is avoided or rejected by others for moral or social reasons. Example: The story made her out to be a social leper.

LEPER

An item of property other than real estate. / ARI-ARIAN. Example: When someone moves out of his home, the items he takes with him are chattel.

CHATTEL

A house, apartment, or other place of residence. / TIRAHAN. Example: Violation of domicile by entering a dwelling against the will of the owner thereof or making search without previous consent of the owner.

DWELLING

In a way that attempts to avoid notice or attention; secretively. Example: Having surreptitiously entered said dwelling. (Article 128 - Violation of domicile)

SURREPTITIOUSLY

The process or fact of entering or being allowed to enter a place or institution. / KARAPATANG PUMASOK. Example: People were unable to gain admittance to the hall.

ADMITTANCE

Making someone appear guilty of a crime or wrongdoing. Example: incriminating evidence.

INCRIMINATING

Prevent from happening; make impossible. / (of a situation or condition) prevent someone from doing something. Example: The secret nature of his work precluded official recognition.

PRECLUDE

Persuade or cause (someone) to do something. Example: A search warrant is said to have been procured without just cause when it appears on the face of the affidavit. (Article 129 - Search warrant maliciously obtained...)

PROCURE

To secretly take money that is in your care or that belongs to an organization or business you work for. Example: She had embezzled $5,600,000 in company funds.

EMBEZZLE