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Geology 102 - Leaderboard
Geology 102 - Details
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65 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What is geology | Study of the earth |
| What is environmental geology | The study of the complex relationship between humans and their geological environment |
| What are the spheres of the earth | Biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, extraterrestial |
| What are some pros to minerals | Provides many products to humans, medicines, cleaners, cars, phones, provides jobs (miners, geologists, researchers, manufacturing, sales) |
| Cons to minerals | Renewable vs. non renewable (will we run out?), conservation (are we wasteful) mining ethically and morally, safe disposal |
| How do minerals form | Solidification out of magma, or precipitation out of super saturated fluid |
| Definition of a mineral | Naturally occurirng, inorganic crystalline solids that have a definite chemical composition and possess characteristic physical properties |
| Hardness: the gorillas can flirt and five quirky things can do | 1. Talc, 2. Gypsum, 3. Calcite, 4. Fluorite, 5. Apatite 6. Feldspar 7. Quartz, 8. Topaz, 9. Corundum, 10. Diamond |
| Non- metallic lustre | Adamantine (diamond), Slendent (mirror) vitreous (glassy) resinous (plastic) greasy, silky, earthy or dull |
| What is diaphaneity | Minerals ability to transmit light. there are 3 kinds (transparent, translucent, opaque |
| Top 8 elements found in the continental crust of the earth | O, Si, Al,Fe,Ca,Na,K,Mg |
| What are the mineral groups | Silicates( if it has silicon) Non-silicates (if there is no silicon) |
| What are some non-silicates | Oxides, sulphides, sulphates, native metals, halides, carbonates, phosphates, hydroxides |
| What is a map | A visual means of communicating encoded information from the map maker to the map reader |
| Earthquake | The vibration generated by the sudden release of energy associated with the rapid movement of rock along fault |
| Fault surface | The fracture surface between one block and another along which movement occurs |
| Focus | Origin of earthquake that point within the earth's crust where movement first occurred |
| Seismic waves | Waves of energy that travel like shock waves from the focus |
| Epicenter | A location on the earth's surface directly above the focus |
| What order do seismic waves come in? | (Body waves) P waves, S waves, Surface waves (love waves, Rayleigh waves) |
| Properties of p waves | Transmit through solid and fluid, 4 to 10 km/s, first waves at recording station, compression like a slinky |
| Properties of S waves | Secondary waves, shearing motion only through rock materials, like a rope when flicked, velocity 2 to 5 km/s, absorbed by the liquid core which creates s wave shadow zone. can cause a lot of damage |
| Properties of surface waves | Travel through the earth's lithosphere, can be very destructive, they form from unexpected p and s waves |
| What is a divergent boundary | Tensional, spreading. Mid oceanic ridge and rift valley |
| What is a convergent boundary | Coming together, collisions, the denser plate always goes underneath known as subduction |
| What are the three types of convergent boundaries | Oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, continent-continent |
| What is a transform boundary | Represent a break along which two plates grind past each other, associated with shallow but destructive earthquakes |
| Oceanic-oceanic convergent boundaries | Whichever plate is older will be subducted, presence of trench, volcanism |
| Oceanic-continental convergent boundaries | Oceanic plate will always be subducted, benioff zone can very shallow, powerful earthquakes and explosive volcanic activity, crustal thickening in continental plate, can form mountains |
| What is a benioff zone | Earthquake epicentre |
| Continental-continental convergent boundary | Neither one is subducted, massive collision, major mountain building, powerful earthquakes, little volcanism |
| Magma | Molten rock, has crystals and gasses within it (intrusive) |
| Lava | Magma that reaches earths surface (extrusive) |
| Volcano | A vent which magma, gasses and solids are ejected, can build up to form a mountain like shape but not necessary |
| Pyroclastic material | Solid rock fragments ejected during an eruption |
| Tephra | Air born pyroclastic material, tephra varies in size (large bombs, lapilli (gravel sized) ash (finest size)) |
| Magma viscosity: less viscous | More fluid like |
| Magma viscosity: more viscous | Less fluid like more sticky more explosive |
| Intrusive land forms | Form underground, cooling of magma exposed after erosion of rocks |
| Extrusive land forms | Form at the surface from lava |
| Is sand a rock | No it is sediment |
| What is bedrock | Attached to earths crust |
| What is outcrop | Exposure of bedrock at the surface |
| Rock | Naturally occurring, solid material comprised of aggregates of one or more minerals or solidified organic material |
| What are the 3 rock groups | Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
| What is the rock cycle | Magma to igneous rock, to sediments to sedimentary rock to metamorphic |
| What is an igneous rock | Formed by the cooling and crystallization of molten rock |
| Classification of igneous rocks | Rock texture (size of grains), the size of the mineral grain, colour, composition |
| What are the 3 kinds of colours of igneous rocks | Felsic (light) intermediate and mafic (dark) |
| What is a felsic igneous rock | Rocks like granite (intrusive) and rhyolite (extrusive) are dominated by light coloured felsic minerals like quartz and feldspar |
| What is a mafic igneous rock | Gabbro and basalt dominated iron and magnesium |
| What are some other physical properties of minerals | Feel, taste, magnetic, chemical reaction, smell, fluorescence |
| What are some physical properties of minerals | Cleavage or fracture, density and specific gravity, hardness, colour, streak, lustre, diaphaneity |
| What is on a map | Title, legend, north arrow, scale, contour lines |
| What are contour lines | Special line symbols that join points of equal elavation |
| Latitude has how many degrees and which direction | 0 to 90 degrees north or south |
| Longitude has how many degrees and which direction | 0 to 180 east or west |
| Military grid system | 6 numbers, first 3 is east west called easting next 3 north-south called northing |
| Map symbols | Point(location of citys, town), line( roadways or boundaries), area(colours or patterns), qualitative symbols (presence and location of phenomena) and quantitative symbols (quantities of phenomena) |
| Caldera | A volcanic crater that develops from the explosion and collapse of a composite volcano. |
| Composite cones or Statovolcanoes | Intermediate in size, variable slope angles, lay dormant for long time, very explosive eruptions, |
| Cinder cones | Smaller in size, shorter life span, higher angle (more steep) built of dry pyroclastic material, composition rhyolitic to andesitic |
| Shield volcanoes | Largest found on earth, gentle slopes, formed from basalt |
| Flood basalt | Very fluid lava, ejected from a fissure, often fed from mantle plumes |