Hearing & taste
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34 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What are tastebuds? | Grouped in papillae on tongue no. of fungiform papillae affects peoples sensitivity to all tastes many > high sensitivity = super tasters |
| How many and what are receptors cells on a taste bud? | 50 receptor cells behave like neurons release neurotransmitter to excite nearby neuron |
| 4 types of primary taste | Sweet salty sour bitter |
| How does the brain encode taste? | 1. taste nerves 2. medulla 3. insula |
| What are the 2 functions of the tongue? | Taste touch |
| What is olfaction? | Sense of smell |
| What are the olfactory receptor cells? | In nasal cavity hundreds of types- for many different chemicals |
| What is the olfactory bulb? | Processes the info |
| What is vomeronasal sensation? | In non humans detects odourless chemicals- affects beh. receptors at olfactory bulb |
| What is sounds? | Sound waves frequency amplitude |
| What are sound waves? | Periodic compressions, causing vibrations |
| What is frequency? | No. of compressions per time relates to perceived pitch |
| What is amplitude? | Intensity of sound waves related to perceived loudness |
| How are sound waves detected? | 1. pinna 2. tympanic membrane (eardrum) 3. cochlea (3 fluid filled tunnels) 4. vibrations displace hair cells in cochlea 5. auditory nerve (nerve bundle) |
| Where is sound processed in the brain? | 1. ear 2. cochlear nucleus CROSS OVER 3. primary auditory cortex |
| Why can we distinguish between frequencies? | Basilar membrane of cochlea primary auditory cortex |
| What is the place theory? | Each area of basilar membrane refers to specific pitch areas too tightly linked to resonate |
| What is the frequency theory? | Vibrations of basilar membrane sync with sound waves neurons can't fire quick enough |
| What is conductive deafness? | Damage of bones of middle ear |
| What is nerve deafness? | Damage to cochlea, hair cells, auditory nerve |
| What is the human hearing range? | 20Hz to 20kHz |
| What is an vestibular organ? | Detects position & movement of the head |
| What does the vestibular organ do? | Crucial for balance 3 semi-circular canals next to inner ear filled with jelly like substance lined with hair cells |
| What is huntingtins disease? | Motor disorders- arm jerks, facial twitches psychological disorders- depression, anxiety gradual brain damage first basal ganglia cerebellum, cerebral cortex strong genetic influence |
| What is Parkinson's disease? | Motor disease- temper, slowness cog. disorders- difficulty imagining movements & events gradual death of neurons decreased dopamine activity reduced stimulation of motor cortex |
| What causes Parkinson's disease? | Genetics- 20 genes that increase risk exposure to toxins |
| How do we move? | 1. brain 2. spine 3. skeletal muscle |
| What does the cerebral cortex do? | Control of complex movements stimulation at each spot causes specific movements |
| What is the posterior parietal cortex? | Planning & initiation of movement, monitoring position of body in space |
| What do the supplementary motor cortex & prefrontal cortex do? | Planning a rapid sequence of movement |
| What does the cerebellum do? | Precise timing associated with movement, attention, balancing |
| What does the basal ganglia do? | Spontaneous self initiated actions |
| What do skeletal muscles do? | Control movement of body in relation to environment long cylindrical with stripe |
| What is the neuromuscular junction? | Synapse of muscle fibre & motor neuron axon each axon fibre is innervated by 1 motor neuron axon |