Plant Molecular Biology Plant Biochemistry Plant Cell Biology Plant Anatomy Plant Morphology Plant Physiology Plant Genetics Plant Ecology Plant Systematics Plant Taxonomy Paleobotany

A study of the structure and functions of the biological molecules like proteins, nucleic acid, carbohydrate.

Plant Molecular Biology

The study of the different chemical interaction of plants including the variety of chemicals that plants produce. The focus here is to understand the cellular respiration and photosynthesis process of plants.

Plant Biochemistry

Focuses on the structure, functions, and life processes of our plant cells

Plant Cell Biology

Focuses on the microscopic plant structures such as the tissues and cells of plants. Different cells and tissus of plants

Plant Anatomy

Focuses on the different structure of plant parts like the leaves, the roots and the stems including the evolution and development of plants

Plant Morphology

The study of the photosynthesis and mineral nutrition to understand how plants function. Study how the plants uses photosynthesis and mineral nutrition to make them work.

Plant Physiology

Study of the heredity and variations of plants. more on the genes and plant variations

Plant Genetics

Studies the interrelationship between plants and their environment.

Plant Ecology

A subdiscipline of systematics. Deals with the description, meaning, and classification of plants.

Plant Taxonomy

Study of biology and the evolution of plants in the geological past.

Paleobotany

What are the characteristics of plants?

1 Plants are highly organized (composed of building blocks cells) 2 Plants take in and use energy 3 Plants respond to stimuli 4 Plants grow and develop 5 Plants reproduce 6 Plant DNA transmits information from one generation to the next 7 Plant populations undergo genetic changes over time.

What is a unicellular plant?

Plants which contains a one / single cell

What is a multicellular plant?

Plants which contains million of cells living in it

Examples of unicellular organisms

Bacteria, archaea, unicellular fungi, and unicellular protists

Examples of multicellular organisms

Animals, plants, and fungi

Building blocks sequence

Atom > molecules > organelles > cells > tissues > organs > organ system

What are the two plant energy related activities?

1 Photosynthesis 2 Cellular Respiration

What are the products of photosynthesis

Oxygen and Glucose

What happens to cellular respiration after photosynthesis?

The stored molecules will break down in the presence of oxygen and will be converted into energy in the form of ATP (Adrenosine Triphosphate)

Does plants respond to different changes in their environment?

Yes

Reproduction in plants can be what?

Sexual or Asexual

What does asexual reproduction in plants means?

Produces plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant because no mixing of male and female gametes takes place.

What does sexual reproduction in plants means?

Flowering plants involves the production of male and female gametes. Through pollination process

Does plants have the ability to adapt to changes in the environment?

Yes

Taxa Classifications (General to Specific)

1 Domain 2 Kingdom 3 Phylum 4 Class 5 Order 6 Family 7 Genus 8 Species

Domain consists of

1 Bacteria 2 Archaea 3 Eukarya

Bacterias are heterotrophics, what does that mean?

They obtain food and nutrition from other organisms

Bacteria that produce its own food or photosynthetic

Cyanobacteria

What is chemosynthetic organism

Primary source of energy comes from chemical reactions of inorganic molecules

What is the difference of bacterias and archaeas?

Archaeas can live in extreme environments like dead seas, active volcanoes.

What is the Domain Eukarya consist of?

1 Protista 2 Plantae 3 Animalia 4 Fungi

What are protistas/ protozoas?

Algaes

Plantae

1 Multicellular 2 Eukaryotes 3 Photosynthetic 4 Cell wall composed of cellulose

Animalia

1 Multicellular 2 Eukaryotes 3 Heterotrophic 4 move through muscular contraction

Fungi

1 can be multicellular or unicellular 2 eukaryotes

Example of a unicellular fungi

Yeast

Example of a multicellular fungi

Mushroom

What are the difference of mushroom with other plantae

They do not do photosynthesis. They are decomposers

What is decomposer

They absorb nutrients from dead organisms

A cell wall of fungi is composed of what?

Chitin

Corn classification

Domain eukarya kingdom plantae phyla anthophyta class order family poaceae genus zea species mays

Eukaryote and Prokaryote comparison

Used for attachment long filamentous polymeric protein structures located at the surface of bacterial cells. They enable the bacteria to bind to specific receptor structures and thereby to colonise specific surfaces.

Fimbriae

Used for locomotion hairlike structure that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotion in the cells of many living organisms

Flagella

The living surface membrane of a cell that acts as a selective barrier to the passage of materials into and out of the cell

Plasma membrane

What is the function of plasma membrane

Regulates what can enter or what cannot enter inside a cell

The solute is lower than the normal amount outside -when the concentration of dissolved substances is greater inside the cell than the outside.- this will make a cell swell and burst

Hypotonic

The solute is higher in the outside environment compared to inside the cell -a cell without a cell wall will lose water to the environment- it can shrink the cell

Hypertonic

The plasma membrane is composed of

Phospholipid Bilayer

Passage of Materials

Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport

In order for other substances to enter the plasma membrane, they need what?

Carrier proteins

The net movement of molecules from an area where they are at a higher concentration to areas where they are at a lower concentration

Diffusion

Passage of water from a higher concentration water to lower concetration of water to a selectively permeable membrane -simply defined as the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.-

Osmosis

Protein carriers helped move substances from high to low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

Uses ATP or cellular energy in order to move the substances from lower to higher concentration. Substances carried are sodium

Active Transport

Support and protect plant cell while providing passage routes of water and dissolve materials to enter and exit. provides strenght to the entire plant A comparatively rigid supporting wall exterior to the plasma membrane in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and certain protists.

Cell Wall

A cellular organelle that contains DNA and serves as the control center of the cell

Nucleus

Chromatine combined with histone

Chromosomes

A cellular organelle that is the site of protein synthesis. Formed when DNA undergoes Transcription process

Ribosomes

Plastids that have photosynthetic function convert light energy from sun to chemical energy contains thylakoid and stroma

Chloroplasts

Membraneous stacks of thin, flat circular plastes; stack of thylakoids is called granum

Thylakoid

A jellylike fluid where grana is embedded; contains enzymes that catalyzes the chemical reactions of photosynthesis

Stroma

Types of plastids

1 chroloplasts 2 leucoplasts 3 chromoplasts

Colorless plastid that form and stores starch, oils, proteins. found in seeds, stems, roots

Leucoplasts

Contains pigment that provides yellow, orange and red colors to certain flowers and also to ripe fruits formed from chloroplasts, when chlorophyll breaks down

Chromoplasts

An intercellular organelle associated with respiration; provides the cell with ATP. cellular respiration happens here. convert chemical energy in food molecule to ATP parts: Cristae and Matrix

Mitochondria

Produces protein and lipids An organelle composed of an interconnected network of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells Synthesizes the membranes for various organelles throughout the cell, including nuclear envelope and golgi apparatus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Serves as a factory for processing and packaging proteins and polysaccharides An organelle composed of a stacked flattened membranous sacs that modifies, packages, and sorts proteins that will be secreted or sent to the plasma membrane or other organelles

Golgi Apparatus

Help maintain its shape by making it turgid. stores water. a fluid-filled, membrane-bound sac within the cytoplasm that contains a solution of salts, ions, pigments, and other materials

Vacuoles

Network of fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm and provides structure to a eukaryotic cell

Cytoskeleton

A special structure that moves the chromosomes during cell division (mitosis&meiosis) visible only when a cell undergoes cell division

Microtubules

A movement of cytoplasm within the cell

Cytoplasmic streaming

Difference of Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis produces SOMATIC CELL (non reproductive) Meiosis produces GERM CELL (reproductive cells)

What is the end product of mitosis?

2 diploid-daughter cells

Cell cycle interphase

They will search and capture chromosomes

Mitotic Spindle

Where is cell plate produced?

Golgi Bodies

Types of Microscope

1 Light microscope 2 Electron microscope

Types of Preparations

1 Whole Mount Preparation 2 Surface-view Preparation 3 Squashing Preparation 4 Cross-section Preparation 5 Longitudinal Section Preparation

Higher concentration to lower concentration OXYGEN, CO2, WATER

Diffusion

Passage of water across a permeable membrane; higher concentration to lower concentration of water

Osmosis

Facilitated by protein carriers to help move substances

Facilitated Diffusion

Need energy in moving substances

Active Transport

Is found in the outer bark region. Composed of cork cells, cork parenchyma cells Responsible in producing the periderm

Cork cambium

Main function is storage at

Cork parenchyma cells / Phelloderm

Plant grows into two different environments

1 Dark, moist soil (root) 2 Illuminated, relatively dry air. (shoot)

The aerial parts of the plant. Absorbs carbon dioxide and sunlight. Responsible for the process of photosynthesis

Shoot System

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