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PHARM 24


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Dwight Obillos


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What is Pharmaceutical Sciences?
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A dynamic and interdisciplinary field that aims to integrate fundamental principles of physical and organic chemistry, engineering, biochemistry, and biology to understand how to optimize delivery of drugs to the body and translate this integrated understanding into new and improved therapies Important points: Integrate fundamental principles of physical and organic chemistry, engineering, biochemistry, and biology Understand how to optimize delivery of drugs to the body and translate this understanding into new and improved therapies

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🇬🇧🇬🇧
What is Pharmaceutical Sciences?
A dynamic and interdisciplinary field that aims to integrate fundamental principles of physical and organic chemistry, engineering, biochemistry, and biology to understand how to optimize delivery of drugs to the body and translate this integrated understanding into new and improved therapies Important points: Integrate fundamental principles of physical and organic chemistry, engineering, biochemistry, and biology Understand how to optimize delivery of drugs to the body and translate this understanding into new and improved therapies
What is Physical Pharmacy?
Area of pharmacy dealing with quantitative and theoretical principles of physicochemical science as they apply to the practice of pharmacy Integrates knowledge of mathematics, physics and chemistry and applies them to the pharmaceutical dosage form development.
What is the help of Physical Pharmacy course?
Leads to proper understanding of subsequent courses in Pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical technology. Aided the pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists to predict the solubility, stability, compatibility and biologic action of drug products.
Procardia XL
Similar appearance to a conventional tablet Semi-permeable membrane surrounding an osmotically active drug core divided in 2 layers : active & push layers Fluid from GIT increases pressure in the osmotic layer and “push” against the drug layer Designed to provide constant rate over 24 hrs Inert components remain intact during GI transit and eliminated in the feces
Patient Counselling on XL tablets
Do not crash, chew or break Swallow the tablet whole with a glass of water Tablet form found in stool may be the outer shell of the tablet only Eventually, outer shell of the depleted tablet passes out through feces
Pharmacists must be able to translate the complex scientific principle to a __
Simple, practical and useful recommendation for a patient
2 types of error
Determinate (constant) Indeterminate (random or accidental)
What are constant errors and random/ accidental errors
Constant or determinate errors can be avoided, determined or corrected Random or indeterminate errors occurs by accident or by chance
Usually present in each measurement and affect all observations of a series in the same way
Constant errors ex. Errors in calibration, in weighing operations Impurities in the reagents and drugs, in matching colors Personal Errors such as in pouring and mixing, Reading of meniscus, in calculations, etc. Change of volume of solutions with temperature
Reducing determinate errors in analytic work
1. By using a calibrated apparatus 2. Using blanks and controls 3. Using several different analytic procedures and apparatus 4. Eliminating impurities-ex.filtration. purification 5. Carrying out the experiment under varying conditions 6. In manufacturing, eliminate errors by calibrating the weights and apparatus and by checking results and calculations with other workers.
How to reduce Pseudo accidental or variable determinate errors
1. Control the conditions through use of constant temperature baths or ovens 2. Use of buffers. (resist changes in pH) 3. Maintenance of constant humidity and pressure where indicated 4. Careful reading of fractions of units on graduates, balances and other apparatus
Aka Ideal Gas Laws
• Combined Gas Laws
Methods of Achieving Liquefaction
• Subject to intense cold by the use of freezing mixtures • Adiabatic expansion • Joule-Thomson effect
Gas does external work
• Joule-Thomson effect
Vapor pressure of liquids
• When a liquid is placed in an evacuated container at a constant temperature, the molecules with the highest energies break away from the surface of the liquid and pass into the gaseous state, and some of the molecules subsequently return to the liquid state, or condense.
SOLIDS characteristics
• Characterized as having fixed/definite shapes • Arranged in units • Nearly incompressible • Have strong intermolecular forces • Very little kinetic energy
What are the types of solid?
• Crystalline • Amorphous
Occurs by precipitation of the compound out of a solution into an ordered array
• Crystallization • Shows definite melting points
Variables that influence crystallization
• Solvents used • Temperature • Pressure • Crystalline array pattern • Purity of material • Salts
Have definite geometric forms with 6 common crystalline structures; what are these 6 common structures?
• Cubic • Tetragonal • Hexagonal • Rhombic • Monoclinic • Triclinic
What compounds have cubic forms
• Sodium Chloride • Halite • Table Salt • KBr • LiCl • RbI • MgO • CaO • AgCl
What compounds have monoclinic forms?
• Sucrose • Table sugar • Rectangular prism with a parallelogram as its base • Beet sugar
What compounds have triclinic forms?
• Boric acid (aka borax) • 3 axes of different lengths intersecting at oblique angles
Theobroma Oil Polymorphic forms
• Unstable gammar form (18C) • Alpha form (22C) • Beta prime form (28C) • Stable beta form (34C)
What are the types of Polymorphism?
• Enantiomorphic (change is reversible) • Monotropic (change is unidirectional) • Isotropic (identical in all directions) • Anisotropic (different in all directions)
(change is reversible)
• Enantiomorphic
Amorphous Solids characteristics
• Aka glasses or supercooled liquids • Non-crystalline; no definite order • No definite shape and no definite melting poits • Tend to flow when subjected to pressure • Amorphous form of drug is readily absorbed and therpeutically active
TYPES OF PLASMA
• SMECTIC • NEMATIC • CHOLESTERIC
Smectic
• Soap-like / grease-like • Rotate in one axis • Mobile in 2 directions • Most pharmaceutically important
Nematic
• Thread-like • Rotate in one axis • Mobile in 3 directions
Significance of Smectic
• Solubilization of water insoluble materials will enchanced physical stability of emulsions
What are the molecules that form mesophases?
• Organic • Elongated and rectilinear shape • Rigid • Possess strong dipoles and easily polarizable
Methods of Formation
• Lyotropic • Thermotropic
Examples of Thermotropic
• Cholesteryl benzoate (145C solid, 179C liquid state turbid) discovered by Reinitzer (1888)
Significance of Supercritical Fluids
• Extraction • Crystallization • Preparation of formulations (Polymer mixtures, micro- and nanoparticles) • Reduces toxicity of gases • Reduced need for hazardos solvents
Types of Systems Used to Describe Thermodynamic Properties
Open System Closed System Isolated System
First Law of Thermodynamics
Law of Conservation of Energy Energy is constant. cannot be destroyed or created
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Law of Entropy Entropy (Disorderliness)
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Law of Absolute Zero When a system has a temperature of 0 Kelvin, absolute zero (the lowest temperature), the entropy (energy that cannot be used to do work) is at zero never happens
Microscopic Physical States with Different Degree of Orders:
Amorphous state Crystalline state Hydrated state Solvated state
Minimal quantity
Crystalline state
Physical Change
- Appearance - Melting Point - Clarity and Color of Solution - Moisture - Crystal Modifications (Polymorphism) - Particle Size
Consant Heat
Adiabatic