Name: PHARMACOGNOSY
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PHARMACOGNOSY - Details

Levels:

1) Chapter 1 View
2) GLYCOSIDES View
3) LAB View
4) ALKALOIDS View
5) FAMILIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS PPT View
6) wk2bCultivation of plants View
7) wk3a plant metabolism View

Questions:

388 questions

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HE first coined the word “Pharmacognosy” in what book?

1 Johann Adam Schmidt 2 Materia Medica in 1811

Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues

Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.)

Any product that has not been advanced in value nor improved in condition by shredding, grinding, chipping, crushing, distilling, evaporating, extracting, artificial mixing with other substances or by any other process or tx beyond what is essential to its proper packing and to the prevention of decay or deterioration pending manufacture.

Crude

Pharmacognosy comes from what word?

Pharmakon - drug / medicine gignosco - knowledge

Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues

Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.)

Crude

Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues

Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.)

Knowledge/science of drugs

Pharmacognosy

Study of crude drugs obtained from plants , animals and mineral kingdom and their constituents An applied science that deals with the biologic, biochemical and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents

Pharmacognosy

Crude

Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues

Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.)

Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues

Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.)

Describes medicinal features of various plants

De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides, 15th century

Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues

Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.)

He wrote his doctoral thesis entitled ___ where he used the term “Pharmacognosy"

1 C.A. Seydler (a medical student at Halle,Germany in 1815) 2 Analectica Pharmacognostica

Vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse or longitudinal slices or peeling them in some cases.

Crude Drugs/Natural products

Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues

Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.)

Natural Sources of Crude Drugs

1 Plant sources (Senna, Digitalis, Datura, Cascara, Cinchona, Clove, Opium, etc) 2 Animal sources (cochineal, cantharidin, honey, cod liver oil, musk, thyroxin, etc.) 3 Marine sources (sponges, red algae, agar, etc.) 4 Mineral sources (talc, kaolin, kieselguhr, etc.)

Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues

Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.)

A substance obtained from a natural source.

Natural Products

Types of Natural Products

1 Crude Drug (Senna, Cascara, Cinchona) 2 Galenical preparations (extracts and tinctures) 3 Pure Compounds (morphine, atropine, digoxin) 4 Semisynthetic products (etoposide, teniposide, hyoscine butyl bromide)

Are derivatives of natural products from plant alkaloids

Semisynthetic product

What are the uses of natural products?

1 As drugs for the treatment of a wide range of diseases 2 As pharmaceutic aids in pharmaceutical industry 3 In cosmetics as flavouring & colouring agents, etc. 4 In culture media for the propagation of M.O. in microbiology laboratories & biotechnology. 5 General uses e.g. in food industries: as dusting powders, as indicators and in perfumery

Is one that is listed and described as being a definite therapeutic agent in the pharmacopoeia

OFFICIAL DRUG

Is that one that are not recognized in the pharmacopoeia and is used as therapeutic agent.

UNOFFICIAL DRUG

Preparation of drugs for commercial market

1 Cultivation 2 Collection

Ensures quality and purity of medicinal plants. Due to the controlled environmental growth better plant product is obtained and makes the collection and processing steps easier when compared to wild sources

Cultivation

Most advantageous of this time is when the part of the plant that constitutes the drug is highest in its content of active principles and when the material will dry to give the maximum quality and appearance

Collection

Hand labor (digitalis) / with the use of mechanical devices

Harvesting

Removes sufficient moisture to ensure good keeping qualities and to prevent molding, action of enzymes/bacteria, and chemical or other possible changes

Drying

2 types of Drying

1 Natural drying 2 Artificial drying

(sun-drying)-either direct sun-drying or in the shed. Drying in shed is preferred if the natural colour of the drug (digitalis, clove, senna) and the volatile principles of the drug (peppermint) are to be retained.

Natural drying - digitalis, clove, senna, peppermint

Includes drying the drugs in (a) an oven; i.e. tray-dryers; (b)vacuum dryers and (c) spray dryers.

Artificial drying

It is the final step in the preparation of a crude drug; consists of the removal of extraneous matter(other plant parts, dirt , adulterants)

Garbling

Should provide ample protection and economy of space- must maintain a high degree of quality of the drug

Packaging, storage and preservation

Obtained from the direct parts of the plants and containing cellular tissues

Organized drugs - (rhizomes, barks, leaves, fruits, entire plants, hairs and fibers)

Prepared from plants by some intermediate physical processes such as incision, drying or extraction with a solvent and not containing any cellular plant tissues

Unorganized drugs - (aloe juice, opium latex, agar, gambir, gelatin, tragacanth, benzoin, honey, beeswax, lemon grass oil, etc.)

Dried juice of leaves of Aloe sp.

Aloe

Antihypertensive

Rauwolfia

Local anesthetic

Coca

Dried latex from poppy capsules

Opium

Local anesthetic

Coca

Antihypertensive

Rauwolfia

Dried aqueous extract from the wood of Acacia catechu

Black catechu

Local anesthetic

Coca

Animal drugs

1 Produced from wild (whale, musk, deer) 2 Fished (Cod and halibut) 3 Domesticated animals (Hog, sheep, cattle) - lanolin and milk, hormones, endocrine, and some enzymes 4 Wild insects (cantharides) 5 Cultivated (honeybee)

Local anesthetic

Coca

The region in which the plant or animal yielding the drug grows

Geographic source/habitat

Indigenous plant growing in southern US

Pinus palustris

Local anesthetic

Coca

Naturalized drug introduced in the US from Europe

Daturastramonium

Local anesthetic

Coca

Drugs in Leaves (Morph Classification)

Vasaka, Digitalis, Senna, Coca, Datura, Eucalyptus

Local anesthetic

Coca

Production and channels of trade

Commercial origin of a drug

Drugs in Barks (Morph Classification)

Cinnamin, Cinchona, Cascara, Ashoka, Arjuna

Local anesthetic

Coca

Drugs in Flowers (Morph Classification)

Clove, Pyrethrum, Artemisia

Local anesthetic

Coca

Drugs in Seed (Morph Classification)

Linseed, Mustard, Isapgol, Nux Vomica

Local anesthetic

Coca

Antimalarial

Quinine (From Cinchona bark)

Local anesthetic

Coca

Antiarrhythmic

Quinidine (From Cinchona bark)

Local anesthetic

Coca

Drugs acting on G.I.T.

Carminative - Fennel, Cardamom, Mentha Emetic- Ipecac Antiamoebic -Kurchi, Ipecac Laxative -Agar, Isabgol, Banana Purgative- Senna, Castor oil Cathartic - Senna Bitter (stomachic, febrifuge, bitter tonic, & for digestive disturbances)- Cinchona, Quassia, Gentian

Local anesthetic

Coca

Carminative (GIT)

Fennel, Cardamom, Mentha

Emetic (GIT)

Ipecac

Antiamoebic (GIT)

Kurchi, Ipecac

Laxative (GIT)

Agar, Isabgol, Banana

Purgative (GIT)

Senna, Castor oil