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PHARMCARE 1


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Dwight Obillos


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[Front]


Optimum level of functioning among individuals, families and communities.
[Back]


Modern Concept of Health

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PHARMCARE 1 - Details

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Eco-system which affect the level of functioning:
1 Political 2 Behavioral 3 Hereditary 4 Health Care Delivery System 5 Environmental Influences 6 Socio-economic influences Mnemonic: HE'S PBH
Controllable RISK FACTORS
1 Diet 2 Education 3 Coping Mechanisms 4 Exercise 5 Religion Mnemonic: C DECER
Uncontrollable RISK FACTORS
1 Gender 2 Mental Health 3 Family Cohesiveness 4 Environment 5 Genetics Mnemonic: U GG FEM
6 Dimensions of Wellness
1 Spiritual 2 Environmental 3 Emotional 4 Intellectual 5 Physical 6 Social Mnemonic: 6 PIS SEE
Categories of Health Problems
1 Health deficits 2 Health threats 3 Foreseeable crisis or stress points
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1 Health is a fundamental human right 2 Health is both an individual and collective responsibility 3 Health should be an equal opportunity to all 4 Health is an essential element of socio-economic development
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1 Health is a fundamental human right 2 Health is both an individual and collective responsibility 3 Health should be an equal opportunity to all 4 Health is an essential element of socio-economic development
FOCUS OF THE PHC APPROACH
1 Partnership with the community 2 Equitable distribution of health resources 3 Organized and appropriate health system infrastructure 4 Prevention of disease and promotion of health 5 Linked multisectorally 6 Emphasis on appropriate technology
Legal Basis of Primary Health Care
Instruction (LOI) 949 signed on October 19, 1979 by President Ferdinand E. Marcos – One year after the First International Conference on Primary Health Care which was held in Alma Ata, USSR on September 6-12 1978, sponsored by the WHO and UNICEF
The ultimate goal of primary health care is better health for all. WHO has identified five key elements to achieving that goal:
1 Reducing exclusion and social disparities in health (universal coverage reforms); 2 Organizing health services around people’s needs and expectations (service delivery reforms); 3 Integrating health into all sectors (public policy reforms); 4 Pursuing collaborative models of policy dialogue (leadership reforms); and 5 Increasing stakeholder participation.
Objectives of PHC
1 Improvement in the level of health care of the community 2 Favorable population growth structure 3 Reduction in the prevalence of preventable, communicable and other disease. 4 Reduction in morbidity and mortality rates especially among infants and children 5 Extension of essential health services with priority given to the underserved sectors. 6 Improvement in basic sanitation 7 Development of the capability of the community aimed at self-reliance. 8 Maximizing the contributions of other sectors for the social and economic development of the community.
4 A’s of Primary Health Care
A-ccessibility A-vailability A-cceptability A-ffordability
Principles of PHC
1 Partnership and empowerment as the core strategy 2 Focuses responsibility for health on the individual, his family and the community 3 Full participation and active involvement of the community towards the development of self-reliant people 4 Interrelationship between health and the overall political, socio-cultural and economic development of society.
FOUR CORNERSTONES OR PILLARS OF PHC
1 Active Community Participation 2 Intra and Inter-sectoral linkages 3 Use of appropriate technology 4 Support mechanism made available
8 Essential Health Services in Primary Health Care (ELEMENTS)
E – Education for Health L – Locally endemic disease control E – Expanded program for immunization M – Maternal and Child Health including responsible parenthood E – Essential drugs N – Nutrition T – Treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases S – Safe water and sanitation
The control of endemic disease focuses on the prevention of its occurrence to reduce morbidity rate. Give Example:
L – Locally endemic disease control Examples 1 Malaria Control 2 Schistosomiasis Control 3 H-Fever 4 Filariasis Control
MALARIA CONTROL PROGRAM 2 Major Strategies of the Program
1 Vector Control - CLEAN - Chemoprophylaxis 2 Detection & Early Treatment of Cases - Early Recognition, Prevention & Control of Malaria epidemics - Identification of a patient with malaria as soon as he is examined. This may be done thru: > Clinical - Signs & Sx - History of visit to & endemic area >Microscopic - Mass blood smear exam
E – Expanded program for immunization Noteworthy Campaigns:
1 National Immunization Days (NID) 2 Knock-out Polio (KOP) 3 Garantisadong Pambata (GP)
In Cold Chain Storage of vaccines should NOT exceed:
6 months at regional 3 months at provincial 1 month at main health centers Not more than 5 days at health centers
Cold Chain System
1 Storage of vaccines should NOT exceed: __ 2 Use of boxes/carriers in transport 3 Once opened, vaccines must be placed in a special cold pack during sessions 4 DISCARD: BCG: After 4 hours, Others: After 8 hours
Goal & Objectives of nutrition program
1 Goal: The improvement of nutritional status, productivity and quality of life of the population through the adoption of desirable dietary practices and healthy lifestyle 2 Objectives: To decrease the morbidity and mortality rates secondary to avitaminoses and other nutritional deficiencies among the population mostly composed of infants and children
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
1 Contact Transmission 2 Air-borne transmission 3 Vehicle transmission 4 Vector-borne transmission
Types of antigen:
1 Inactivated (killed organism) - not long lasting, multiple dose needed and booster dose is needed 2 Attenuated (live organism) - single dose needed and has long lasting immunity
S – Safe water and sanitation goal
To eradicate & control environmental factors in disease transmission through the provision of basic services & facilities to all households
1 BCG dose, route, site 2 HEPA B & DPT dose, route, site 3 OPV dose, route, site 4 AMV dose, route, site 5 TT dose, route, site
1) Infant: 0.05ml (ID, Right deltoid) School entrants: 0.10ml (ID, Left deltoid) 2) Both 0.5ml (IM, Vastus lateralis) 3) 2 gtts (Oral, Mouth) 4) 0.5ml (SQ, Outer part of upper arm) 5) 0.5ml (IM, Deltoid)
1) TT1 (Min time interval, percent protection & duration of protection) 2) TT2 (Min time interval, percent protection & duration of protection) 3) TT3 (Min time interval, percent protection & duration of protection) 4) TT4 (Min time interval, percent protection & duration of protection) 5) TT5 (Min time interval, percent protection & duration of protection)
1 as early as pregnancy 2 at least 4 weeks, 80%, Infant: Neonatal tetanus Mother: 3 years 3 at least 6 months, 95% Infant: Neonatal tetanus Mother: 5 years 4 at least 1 year, 99% Infant: Neonatal tetanus Mother: 10 years 5 at least 1 year, 99%, all infants protected, mother protected lifetime
1 NUTRITION PROGRAM coverage:
1 Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) 2 Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) 3 Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) 4 Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD)
NUTRITION PROGRAMS
1 Targeted Food Task Force Assistance Program 2 Nutrition Rehabilitation Ward 3 Akbayan sa Kalusugan (ASK Project) 4 “23 in 93” FORTIFIED VITAMIN RICE 5 “Health for More in ‘94” “Buwan ng Kabataan, Pag-asa ng Bayan’ National Focus: National Micronutrient Day or “Araw ng Sangkap Pinoy”
1 Provision of food rations of bulgur wheat & green peas 2 Target population: _
1 Targeted Food Task Force Assistance Program 2 Pre-schoolers Pregnant women Lactating mothers
1 Aimed to provide rice & corn soya blend supplemented with local foods. 2 Target population: __
1 Akbayan sa Kalusugan (ASK Project) 2 -6 mos- 2 years -Moderately & severely underweight -Pre-schoolers not served by the DSWD and DA in Regions 2,8,9,10,11,12
-Aimed to distribute vitamin A supplements, iodized oil for & seedlings of plants rich in Fe & other minerals.
“Health for More in ‘94” “Buwan ng Kabataan, Pag-asa ng Bayan’ National Focus: National Micronutrient Day or “Araw ng Sangkap Pinoy”
TYPES OF NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES
1 PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION (PEM) 2 VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY 3 IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (IDA) 4 IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS (IDD)
1 Abnormalities due to low iodine intake. 2 Consequences: __ 3 Treatment: __
1 IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS (IDD) 2 Fetus – abortion/miscarriage/abnormalities/still Infants – cretinism/delayed walking/motor activities Children – poor academic performance Adults – mental impairment/poor working capacity 3 to take one iodized capsule with 200mg iodine every year
1 Abnormalities due to low iodine intake. 2 Consequences: __ 3 Treatment: __
1 IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS (IDD) 2 Fetus – abortion/miscarriage/abnormalities/still Infants – cretinism/delayed walking/motor activities Children – poor academic performance Adults – mental impairment/poor working capacity 3 to take one iodized capsule with 200mg iodine every year
1 Abnormalities due to low iodine intake. 2 Consequences: __ 3 Treatment: __
1 IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS (IDD) 2 Fetus – abortion/miscarriage/abnormalities/still Infants – cretinism/delayed walking/motor activities Children – poor academic performance Adults – mental impairment/poor working capacity 3 to take one iodized capsule with 200mg iodine every year
UNIVERSAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN A 1 INFANTS 2 PRESCHOOLERS 3 PREGNANT WOMEN 4 POSTPARTUM MOTHERS
1) 100,000 IU One dose only 2) 200,000 IU One capsule every 6 months 3) 10,000 IU twice a week starting at the 4th month of pregnancy* 4) 200, 000 IU within four weeks after delivery
1 Not enough hemoglobin in the RBC because of lack of Fe 2 Treatment and prevention: __
1 IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (IDA) 2 provision of iron with folic acid pregnant: Once a day for 180 days Lactating women once a day for 90 days
1 Abnormalities due to low iodine intake. 2 Consequences: __ 3 Treatment: __
1 IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS (IDD) 2 Fetus – abortion/miscarriage/abnormalities/still Infants – cretinism/delayed walking/motor activities Children – poor academic performance Adults – mental impairment/poor working capacity 3 to take one iodized capsule with 200mg iodine every year