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physics PPE


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[Front]


what is the insulation method
[Back]


1. pour 80cm3 of hot water from the kettle to a beaker 2. place cardboard lid with thermometer inside to beaker so it’s bulb is in the hot water 3. record temp of water and start the stopwatch 4. record temp of water every 3 mins for 15 mins 5. repeat steps using different materials/more layers of material on the beaker 6. plot a graph of temp in degrees celsius against time taken in mins

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🇬🇧🇬🇧
What is the insulation method
1. pour 80cm3 of hot water from the kettle to a beaker 2. place cardboard lid with thermometer inside to beaker so it’s bulb is in the hot water 3. record temp of water and start the stopwatch 4. record temp of water every 3 mins for 15 mins 5. repeat steps using different materials/more layers of material on the beaker 6. plot a graph of temp in degrees celsius against time taken in mins
What is the independent variable of this practical
The insulating material/ the layers of material
What is the dependent variable of this practical
The temperature decrease of water after a given time
What is the definition of power
The rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done
What are the two equations for power
Power = energy transferred (or work done) /time
Calc
8000 W
What are the equations for efficiency
Useful output energy transfer/total input energy transfer useful power output/ total power input
Calc
0.05/ 5%
What is kinetic energy
The energy stored in moving objects
Equation for kinetic energy
Ke = 0.5 x m x v^2 Ke= J m= kg v= m/s
Calc
0.06 kg
What is gravitational potential energy
The energy stored in an object due to its position above the earths surface
Equation for GPE
GPE= m x g x h GPE= J m= kg g= N/kg h= m
Calc
7.35 J
What is a renewable energy resource
One that is being or can be replenished as it is used
What are the advantages of renewable energy as a whole
- they do not run out - they do not not add CO2 into the atmosphere or contribute towards global warming
Why might wind power and solar power not be totally reliable
Wind power relies on wind to turn turbines, not every day is windy, solar panel relies on the sun to generate electricity, not everyday is sunny enough
What is the major disadvantage of hydro electric power
Habitats are destroyed when dams are built and valleys are flooded, they are also no use in a place prone to drought
How does geothermal energy work
Uses heat from the earth to generate electricity and heat in buildings
What is the problem with biofuels
If we use land to grow crops for fuel, that could push up the price of food
Protons and neutrons of an alpha particle
2 protons, 2 neutrons, similar to a helium nucleus
Work out
237, 93
Work out
131, 54
What is half life
The time it takes for the number of nuclei in a radioactive isotope to half
Solve
25 counts/s
What is irradiation
Exposing an object to nuclear radiation
What happens when the nuclei of an atom splits after absorbing a neutron
It splits into two smaller, roughly identical daughter nuclei and emits 2-3 neutrons and gamma radiation
Why do people dealing with ionising radiation have to take more precaution
Ionising radiation can increase the chance of mutating cells and causing cancer
What is radioactive contamination
When unwanted radioactive isotopes end up on or in other materials, hazardous as radioactive isotopes decay and emit ionising radiation
What is the most ionising radiation
Alpha, it is strongly ionising but easily stopped by dead cells on surface of the skin, very dangerous if inhaled or swallowed
What other radiation is ionising
Beta, can penetrate though skin and body
Which radiation is least ionising
Gamma radiation, passes straight through body cells so theses a less chance of ionising and cell mutation
What is current
A flow of electrons through a conductor such as a wire
Equation for calculating energy
E= P x t E= J P= W t= s
What does resistance tell us
How much energy is required to push a coulomb of charge through
Calc
2000W
Equation for resistance
V= IR v= V I= A R= ohms
Calc
120s
Calc
25 V
Equation for power
P= V x I P= W V= V I= A
Calc
2.5 W
What is the specific heat capacity of a substance
The amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1kg of the substance by 1 degrees celsius
Specific heat capacity equation
⃤. E = m x c x. ⃤0 change in thermal energy= J mass= kg specific heat capacity= J/kg°C change in temp= °C
Calc
246510 J
Calc
3 kg
Outline all the steps to the specific heat capacity practical
1. place beaker on balance and set to 0, add oil to beaker and record mass of oil 2. place thermometer and immersion heater into the oil, read starting temp of oil 3. wrap beaker in insulating foam to reduce thermal energy transfer to surroundings 4. connect joule meter and power pack to immersion heater, time for 30 mins 5.read total number of joules of energy that passed into immersion heater and final temp of oil 6. calc specific heat capacity with C. ΔE/ (Δ0 ⨉ m)
Calc
1670 J/kg°C
What are some sources or inaccuracy in the specific heat capacity practical and how would you prevent them
- thermal energy passing out of the beaker to the air, prevented by using an insulator with lower thermal conductivity - not all thermal energy from immersion heater passes through to oil, to prevent this, ensure that immersion heater is fully submerged - incorrect reading of thermometer, use electric temp probe - thermal energy not being spread in oil, stir the oil
What are the arrangements of particles within a solid
Particles are very closely packed, arranged in a regular pattern, particles vibrate but to not move place to place
Describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid
Particles are closely packed, not arranged in a regular patter, particles move place to place
Particles in a gas
Particles are far apart, not arranged in any pattern, particles move rapidly from place to place
Equation for density
P= m/v p= kg/m^3 m= kg v= m^3
Calc
500kg/m^3
Why do solids have high densities
Particles are packed closely together, they have lots of mass for their volume
Why do liquids have high density
Particles are closely packed, they have a lot of mass for their volume
Why do gases late a low density
Particles are very far apart, they have a small mass for their volume
What happens if you rub a plastic rod with cloth
Electrons move from the plate onto the cloth, creating an overall negative charge on the cloth, because the plastic has lost electrons, the overall charge becomes positive
How does a van der graaf work
The moving belt moves and electrons pass from the top plastic roller to the belt and then the electrons pass from the belt and transfer to the earth, over time the top region becomes positive. the dome on top acts like a store of positive charge allowing the charge to spread out so if someone toughed it, they would have an overall positive charge so the hairs on their head all become positive and resell each other
What is internal energy
The energy stored in a system by particles, the total kinetic and potential energy of all particles that make up a system
What happens when you heat a solid to a liquid
You are increasing the internal energy and causing the solid to melt into a liquid. particles gain energy and start to vibrate faster so the structure is gradually weakened , as more energy is given to the particles, they start to break free of the structure
What happens when you heat a liquid to a gas
You increase the internal energy causing the liquid to evaporate. particles are given more energy to move faster and collide with each other, most energetic particles at the surface escape from surface as water vapour, as more energy is given to particles, they will break free from the structure
What happens when a gas condensates into a liquid
The internal energy of the gas decreases so it condensates. as the particles lose heat, they lose energy and slow down, the particles collect together and form a liquid
What happens to a liquid when it freezes into a solid
The internal energy decreases and causes the liquid to freeze. energy is released from the liquid into its surroundings as particles lose heat therefore energy and become a solid