GCSE Physics AQA
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GCSE Physics AQA - Details
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110 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Name all of the energy stores | Kinetic, Heat, Light, Gravitational potential, Chemical, Sound, Elastic potential, Electrostatic, Nuclear |
| Law of conservation of energy? | Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but can never be created or destroyed. |
| What is conduction? | Where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles. |
| What is convection? | Where energetic particles move from hotter to cooler regions. |
| How are convection currents created? | Radiators heat air particles by conduction/ Air becomes warmer and less dense/ Warm air rises and is replaced by cool air/ Cool air is heated/ Previously heated air transfers energy to surroundings and cool/ Cooling air becomes denser and sinks/ Cycle repeats |
| Ways to reduce unwanted energy transfers (and how it does it) | Lubrication- reduces frictional forces Insulation- reduces rate of energy lost through thermal transfer |
| Method to investigate effectiveness of materials as thermal insulators | Put set mass of boiled water in sealed container, take initial temperature, leave for 5 minutes, measure final temperature, get rid of water and leave container to cool, repeat experiment wrapping container in different materials each time with varying thicknesses, plot results on graph |
| Independent variable for insulator experiment | Type of insulator |
| Control variable for insulator experiment | Initial temperature of water, mass of water, container |
| Dependent variable for insulator experiment | Change of temperature from initial to final |
| How to measure insulator experiment dependent variable? | Initial temperature - final temperature |
| What does a small temperature change indicate? | A good insulator as minimal heat has escaped the container |
| Example of a completely efficient device | Electric heaters |
| Names all non-renewable resources | Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear |
| Name all renewable energy resources | Solar, wind, tidal, hydro-electric, biofuel, geothermal |
| Advantages of wind power | No pollution, no fuel costs, minimal running costs, no damage to landscape |
| Disadvantages of wind power | Turbines are noisy, spoil view, need lots to supply demand, high initial costs |
| Advantages of solar power | No pollution whilst using, reliable source of energy, low running costs, free energy |
| Disadvantages of solar power | Pollution during manufacture, ineffective at night, can't increase power output, high initial costs, small scale |
| Advantages of geothermal power | Free energy, reliable, no pollution, generates electricity |
| Disadvantages of geothermal power | Minimal suitable locations for power plants, high initial and running costs |
| Advantages of hydro-electric power | Immediate response for increased demand, no fuel costs, minimal running costs, reliable |
| Disadvantages of hydro-electric power | Habitat loss in valleys flooded, high initial costs, small scale |
| Advantages of wave power | No pollution, no fuel costs, minimal running costs |
| Disadvantages of wave power | Disturbs sea beds and habitats, hazard to boats, spoil view, unreliable, high initial costs |
| Advantages of tidal barrages | No pollution, reliable, no fuel costs, minimal running costs, generate significant amount of energy |
| Disadvantages of tidal barrages | Prevent free access for boats, spoil view, alter wildlife habitats, high initial costs |
| What are bio-fuels? | Renewable energy resources created from plant products or animal dung |
| Advantages of bio-fuels | Reliable, carbon neutral, short time to grow crops |
| Disadvantages of bio-fuels | High costs, don't meet immediate energy demands, loss of natural habitats to make space for bio-fuel crops |
| Gas that causes acid rain? | Sulphur dioxide |
| How can acid rain be reduced? | Taking sulphur out of fuels before they are burned |
| 3 environmental issues of non-renewables | Open cast mining, oil spillages, nuclear waste |
| 2 reasons for using more renewable energy | Public and international pressure, lack of non-renewables |
| 3 limitations of the use of renewables | Money- cost of building new power plants Reliability- not as effective as fossil fuels Politics- arguments over where power plants should go and ethics |
| Series circuit definition | All components are connected in lines end to end between +ve and -ve of power supply |
| Energy transfers inside of a kettle | Electric to thermal |
| Ek= | 1/2 x m x v^2 |
| Ep | M x g x h |
| Ee= | 1/2 x k x e^2 |
| Change in thermal energy= | Mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change |
| Potential difference in series? | P.d. is shared across components |
| Energy transfers inside of a fan | Electric to kinetic |
| In series: V total = | V1 + V2 + ... |
| What is potential difference? | Energy transferred per charge passed |
| Current in series? | Current is the same everywhere |
| How is energy transmitted across the National Grid? | Transmits electricity at high p.d. (400 000V) and low current across the UK from power stations to homes and industry. |
| In series: i1= | I2 = ... |
| What do step-up transformers have? | More turns on the secondary coil than the primary coil. |
| Resistance in series? | Total resistance of two components is the sum of their resistance |
| What do step-up transformers do? | Increase the p.d to 400 000V, reducing current. |
| In series: R total = | R1 + R2 |
| What do step-down transformers have? | More turns on the primary coil than the secondary coil. |
| Parallel circuit definition? | Each component is separately connected to the +ve and -ve power supply |
| What do step-down transformers do? | Reduce p.d from 400 000V, increasing current. |
| Potential different in parallel? | Same across all components |
| How is the efficiency of energy transfer increased in the National Grid? | The current doesn't heat the cables as much as a higher current would, so less heat is loss by thermal dissipation. |
| In parallel: V1= | V2 = ... |
| What causes a static charge? | A transfer of electrons between insulating materials rubbed together, leaving them oppositely charged. |
| Current in parallel? | Total of all currents through separate components |
| After a polythene rod and a cloth duster are rubbed together which has which charge? What has happened? | Rod- negative Cloth- positive Electrons transferred from cloth onto rod. |
| In parallel: i total | I1 + i2 + ... |
| After an acetate rod and a cloth duster are rubbed together which has which charge? What has happened? | Rod- positive Cloth- negative Electrons transferred from the rod to the cloth. |
| What happens when you add a resistor in parallel? | The total resistance reduces |
| What happens to p.d. as electric charge builds on an object? | It increases from 0V |
| How is a spark caused from the electric charge? | When the p.d. between the object and the earth gets large enough, electrons can jump between the gap causing a spark. |
| Where are electric fields found? | Around any charged object |
| Which way do electric field lines point? | Positive to negative |
| What do closer electric field lines show? | A stronger electric field |
| What happens as you increase the distance between charged objects? | The strength of field decreases and the force between them decreases |
| What do high p.d.s cause between charged and earthed objects? | Strong electric fields |
| What does a strong field do to air particles? | It removes electrons (ionises), allowing current to flow through it. |
| What is the Law of Conservation of Mass? | No atoms are created or destroyed in a chemical reaction |
| How to find density of a solid object? | Measure mass. If regular solid measure l, w, h and then calculate volume. If irregular, submerge in eureka can, measure volume of water displaced it will equal object's volume. Use density formula with calculated mass and volume |
| How to find density of a liquid? | Measure mass of 10ml of liquid in a measuring cylinder. Add another 10ml and record new mass and volume. Repeat roughly 10 times. Find density of each measurement. Take average of all calculated densities for liquid density. |
| Arrangement of particles in solids | Held in fixed regular positions by strong forces of attraction |
| Arrangement of particles in a liquid | Form irregular arrangements as there are weaker forces of attraction |
| Arrangements of particles in a gas | No structure, free to move in random directions at high speeds as there are almost no forces of attraction |
| Density in solids | High density, particles closest together |
| Density in liquids | Less dense than solids, particles further apart |
| Density in gases | Low density, particles freely moving |
| How is mass conserved during changes of state? | No particles are created or destroyed, only particles' arrangement or closeness changes. |
| Internal energy definition | The total energy its particles contain in their kinetic and potential energy stores |
| Specific Heat Capacity definition | Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1degree celcius |
| Specific Heat Capacity unit | J / kg degrees celcius |
| Specific Latent Heat definition | Energy needed to change a 1kg substance's state without changing its temperature |
| Practice interpreting the heating graph | Heating Graph: |
| Practice interpreting the cooling graph | Cooling graph: |
| Who discovered the electron? | JJ Thomson |
| What must electrons absorb to move around/leave the atom? | EM radiation (Electromagnetic) |
| Which type of radiation is the most dangerous inside the body? Why? | Alpha- damages in localised areas |
| Who discovered the proton? | Ernest Rutherford |
| What do electrons do once [_] is absorbed? | They move to a higher energy level further from the nucleus |
| Which radiation is used in radiotherapy and why? | Gamma- least ionising, leaves the body quickly, short half-life |
| Who discovered the neutron? | James Chadwick |
| What happens if electrons release [_] instead of absorbing it? | They move to a lower energy level closer to the nucleus |
| Which radiation is used in radiotherapy and why? | Gamma- least ionising, leaves the body quickly, short half-life |
| Who created the plum pudding model? | JJ Thomson |
| What ion is created if electrons leave the atom? | A positively charged ion |