Physiology
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Physiology - Leaderboard
Physiology - Details
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151 questions
🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
What is physiology | The study of how living organisms function |
What is pathophysiology? | When normal function has gone wrong |
What is comparative physiology? | Comparing across species |
What is the dependent variable and where on the graph | The variable that responds to the change, y axis |
What is the independent variable and where on the graph | The variable that the researcher controls or changes to affect the dependent, x axis |
What is invitro | In a culture dish |
What is in vivo | In a living creature |
What is the process of developing drugs and treatments | In vitro first, secondly in vivo, then clinical trials |
What is muscle tissue | Tissue specialised to generate mechanical force for contraction |
What is nervous tissue | Tissue specialised for initiating, integrating and conducting electrical signals |
What is epithelial tissue | Specialised cells that form membranes which cover body surfaces and line the inside of hollow organs and glands |
What is connective tissue and give one example | Specialised to contain large amounts of extracellular material. blood |
What are the 3 types of muscle tissye | Skeletel, cardiac and smooth |
What does skeletal muscle tissue do | Contraction under voluntary control, produce movements of limbs |
What are cardiac muscle | Interselected discs couple cardiac muscle cells mechanically and electrically |
Where and what do smooth muscle do | In the walls of tubes in the body and involuntary contractions |
What do neurons conduct | Impusles |
What are glial cells | Supporting cells that do not conduct a nerve impulse but are essential for neuron function |
What is simple epithelium made of | Single cell thick tissue |
What is stratified epithelium made of | Thicker, consisting of multiple layer of cells |
What is stratified epithelium made of | Thicker, consisting of multiple layer of cells |
What are epithelial cells named after | Their shape |
What is squamous | Flattened |
What is cuboidal | Cube shaped |
What is columnar | Column shaped, elongated |
Where do epithelial cells rest | On extracellular protein layer called the basement membrane |
What do connective tissue cells do | Connect, anchor and support the structures of the body |
What are the 4 primary types of connective tissue | Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood |
What is connective tissue proper composed of | Protein fibres and gel like ground substance |
3 examples of connective tissue proper | Loose connective tissue, dense regular connective tissue and adipose tissue |
What are cartilage composed of | Cells called chondrocytes surrounded by a semi solid ground substance |
What is bone composed of | Cells called osteoblasts trap mineral salts |
What is the structure of plasma membrane | Selectively permeable, gives form and separates from the external environment |
What is the structure of cell organelles | Membrane bound compartments that perform the function |
What is the interior of cells divided into | Nucleus and cytoplasm |
What are the two membrane structures | Integral and peripheral |
What is integral structure | Closely associated with the membrane lipids, amphipathic , most span the entire membrane |
What is peripheral structure | Do not associate with the non polar regions of the lipid in the interior membrane, surface bound to polar regions |
What are membrane junctions | Junctions that physically join cells |
What are desmosomes | A membrane junction that serve as anchoring points for cadherins |
What are tight junctions | Two adjacent plasma membranes joining together so that no extracellular space remains between them |
What do gap junctions consist of and what do they do | Protein channels and linking the cytosis of adjacent cells in muscle cells of the heart |
What do dna form in the nucleus | Threads of chromatin |
What barrier surrounds the nucleus and what is it made of | The nuclear envelope, composed of two lipid bilayers with nuclear pores |
What happens in the smooth er | Production of lipid based molecules |
What happen in the rough er | Protein synthesis that are after secreted by the cell or distributed to other cell organelles |
What does the golgi apparatus do | Packaging molecules alled vesicles and can be transported to the cell membrane |
What are endosomes | Membrane bound vesicular and tubular structures that lie between the plasma membrane and the golgi apparatus |
What are the endosomes function | Sorting, modifying ad directing vesicular traffic in cells |
What are lysosomes and whats their function | Spherical organelle surrounded by a single membrane and act to break down bacteria and the debris from dead cells that have been engulfed by a cell |
What are peroxisomes | Moderately dense oval bodies enclosed by a single membrane |
What are one of the reaction products in peroxisomes | Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 |
What are vaults | Cytoplasmic structures that are made of proteins and a type of RNA called vault RNA (vRNA) |
What is a cytoskeleton | A filamentous network that is associated with processes that maintain and change cell shape and produce cell movements |
What are 3 classes of cytoskeleton | Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
What are actin filaments composed of and what do they do | Monomoers of the protein G-actin and determining cell shape |
What are intermediate filaments made of and what do they do | Twisted strands of several different proteins including keratin, desmin and lamin. Contributes to cell shape and help anchor the nucleus |
What are microtubules | Hollow tubes about 25 nanometer in diameter |
What is cilia | Hair like extensions on the surfaces of most cells, have a central core of microtubules |
What do cilia do | The movements of cilia help propel the content of the organ along the surface of the epithelium |
What are solutes | Substances that dissolve in water |
What are solvents | The liquids that solutes dissolve in |
How are solutions formed | Solutes dissolving in solvent |
What is solute concentration | The amount of solute present in a unit volume of solution |
What is the formula for molar solution | Molar solution (M) = moles solute / litre solution |
How much molar solution = litres | 1M solution = 1mol/litre |
What is molal solution | Moles solute / kg solvent |
What is the molecular weight of a molecule equal to | The sum of atomic mass of all atoms in the molecule |
What is formula for pH | PH = - log [H+] or pH = log 1 / H+ concentration |
What is an acidic solution | A solution that has more H+ ions than OH- ions |
What is an alkaline solution | A solution that has more OH- ions than H+ ions |
What is a base | Any substance that can accept a hydrogen ion |
What are buffers | A system of molecules and ion that act to prevent changes in hydrogen concentration. |
What is an Hbuffer | Buffer + H+ |
When does pressure increase | With depth |
What is the formula for pressure | P= Pa + pgh |
What is Pa and pgh | Pa is atmospheric pressure, p is density, g is acceleration due to gravity, and h is depth |
What is flow | The volume of liquid moved per unit time |
How is flow measured | Litres/minute |
What is resistance | How difficult it is for the fluid to flow between to points |
What is the formula for fluid flow | F = ΔP / R |
What are the 3 factors that influence resistance | Viscosity of fluid, length of tube, inner radius of tube |
What is resistance formula | R = 8Lη / πr4 |
What is η, L and r | Viscosity, length, inner radius |
What does body fluid refer to | Watery solution of dissolved substances in the body |
What is the extracellular fluid | The fluid in the blood and in spaces surrounding the cells |
What is pasma | Fluid portion of blood |
What is the interstitual fluid | 75-80% of fluid that lies around and between cells |
What is the formula for extracellular fluid | = sum of the plasma and interstitual fluid volumes |
What is intracellular fluid | The fluid located inside the cells and accounts for 67% of all fluid in the body |
What is simple diffusion | The movement of molecules from one location to another |
What is the second law of thermodynamics | A closed system will always tend towards maximum entropy or disorder |
What is flux | The amount of material crossing a surface |
What is net flux | The difference between the 2 one-way fluxes and the net flux will reach zero at diffusion equilibrium |
What does the net flux depend on | Temperature, mass, surface area and the medium |
What is ficks first law of diffusion formula | J = PA(C0-C1) |