Power and The People
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Pope wanted Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury - wouldn't help John so John didn't like him | Why John fell out with the Pope |
| Occupied London and led barons in rebellion | Robert Fitzwalter |
| When and where Magna Carta was signed | Runnymeade, June 19th 1215 |
| - August 1215 - Pope cancelled Magna Carta - Barons had support of French King and son Prince Louis - John refused to honour Magna Carta | Causes of 1st Baron's War (3) |
| -Oct 1215 - John Attacked - 5 siege engines, catapults & trebuchets -Tried to starve barons -Got pickaxes, burned pig fat under castle -Castle burned down, John won | Siege of Rochester (4) |
| -Barons brought the French over -French defeated John -John died | End of Baron's War (3) |
| 9 | How old was Henry III when he became king? |
| 1234 and he'd already had problems with them. | When did Henry rule on his own? And what was his relationship with the Barons like? |
| -Payed a lot of money to the Pope (religious) -French influence and advice in parliament (King had French advisors and wife) -Lost campaign to regain French land (Gascon campaigns) | Causes of conflict between Henry III and Barons (3) |
| He was ruthless and brutal, 1248 | How did Simon de Montfort reclaim French lands and in what year? |
| -Henry criticised him at an inquiry -He put his son in charge of French campaigns - felt bad for French -This lead to de Montfort returning to England and becoming the barons' spokesman | What did Henry do when he saw what Simon did to retake French land? (2) What did this lead to? |
| 1) Henry needed barons' support but didn't have it because they wouldn't support increased taxes so... 2) Henry couldn't give the Pope money he promised to stop the Pope from excommunicating him (similar to John's suspension of services) | What were Henry's two crisises after de Montfort became spokesman? |
| -Some like de Clare felt provisions damaged own local interests -Younger barons weren't elected to Great Council and lost their influence -Some disliked lower orders given some say - knights and burgesses had too much say | Why did some barons oppose the Provisions of Oxford? (3) |
| The barons were divided among each other because new provisions went against what some barons wanted | Why did Henry return to power? |
| -Henry rejected Provisions of Oxford and Westminster - got Pope to cancel them (church and state) -Henry appointed own council -De Montfort went to France but returned when barons relations with King got worse over 3 years | Causes of the 2nd Barons War when Henry returned to power? (3) |
| -Barons won -King captured and Prince Ed imprisoned | 2nd Barons' War 1264 - Battle of Lewes (2) |
| -De Montfort called meeting -Knights and burgesses came to support De Montfort -Burgesses = merchants - first commoners in the Great Council (later the commons) | Origins of Parliament, 1265 (3) |
| -Edward knew how difficult barons were -Learned from father and grandfather -Worked with barons effectively -Edward negotiated to raise funds for war | Reign of Edward I (4) |
| -1351 - maximum wage set for peasants because they were asking for too much - peasants arrested if refused to work at that wage -despite the need for workers and more land available, the poor stayed poor | When and what was the statute of labourers? (2) and what did it lead to? |
| 70% | Percentage of people brought before Justices of the Peace for breaking Statute of Labourers 1377-79 |
| -Peasants March to Maidstone to hear Wat Tyler -Free John Ball from prison -Kill Archbishop of Canterbury -Burn government buildings -Marched to London | 7th June Kent (5) |
| -King Richard sails towards peasants down river -Hears booing noise and retreats -Says he'll meet them in 5 days | 12th June (3) |
| -Royal pardon given to all -Villeins to be made freemen | Wat Tyler's initial demands (2) |
| "Would you kill your King? I am your leader, follow me." | What does the King shout - 15th June |
| -Leaders rounded up and hanged -John Ball cut to pieces - head on a spike next to Wat Tyler's on London Bridge | Short term consequences of revolt (2) |
| -Religious movement 1500's -Reform Roman Catholic Church | What was the Reformation? (2) |
| -Wealth and influence -Vows of poverty forgotten -Living life in luxury while outsiders starved -Changing attitudes fuelled by Martin Luther, 1517 | Why was the church questioned? (4) |
| -Monasteries - centre of communities - acted as hotels, hospitals and refuges for poor -Most happy with role of church | Why was the church important? (2) |
| Henry was a devout Catholic and against protestants - but he used their ideas to oppose the Pope | What was unusual about the English reformation? |
| -Act of Supremacy 1534 -Became head of Church of England - had full control -Didn't have to pay Pope's taxes | What did Henry pass to reform the Church? (3) |
| -Spending too much money despite no Pope taxes and C of E -Risk of foreign invasion - conflict with Pope | Henry's problems after reformation (2) |
| -Made every change through parliament - blamed them -Cromwell was supposed to make Henry rich - dissolution of the monasteries | How Henry fixed his problems (2) |
| 25% | Percentage of English land owned by monasteries |
| £200,000 - Nearly double Henry's | Annual income of monasteries (what was this compared to Henry's?) |
| Valor Ecclesiasticus | What did Cromwell set up to evaluate monastery finances |
| -Not everyone happy -People were used to the rasied taxes but not Pope conflict -People didn't support break with Rome and King in full control. | Responses to change (3) |
| -Prices normally stayed the same -Rose under Henry -Henry's advisers blamed | Reason for public unhappiness: Rising Prices (3) |
| Many disliked church changes because they wanted monasteries back and the Pope as head of the church | Reason for public unhappiness: Changes to Religion (2) |
| -Landowners were King's advisers before divorce but lost favour afterwards -Catherine of Aragon supporters felt pushed out -Cromwell blamed | Reason for public unhappiness: Landowners lost influence (3) |
| -Seen as creator of new religious policies and helped with divorce -Disliked by landowners -Blacksmith's son - not good enough to advise King | Reason for public unhappiness: Cromwell's Power (3) |
| 1832 | What year was the Great Reform Act passed? |
| - shorter parliaments - end property qualifications - give the vote to all tax paying men | What was the BPU's petition for? (3) |
| Thomas Attwood | Who was the leader of the Birmingham Political Union |
| 3 | How many times did the House of Lords defeat Earl Grey's attempt for reform act? |
| They now had more power and representation | Why was it popular with the middle class? |
| They couldn't vote because they averaged at around £50 a year | Why was the Great Reform Act unpopular with the working class? |
| - No secret ballot until 1872, votes were bought and lower class people that could vote had to vote for their factory or land owner - Only 1 in 7 men could vote -No women could vote | Why was the Great Reform Act not so great? (3) |
| - It proved change was possible - Middle class now able to vote so more change likely -Reduced power of king and landowners | What was the significance of the Great Reform Act? (3) |
| - Areas with tiny populations allowed to send in 2 MPs - Old Sarum - Highly populated areas like Birmingham weren't allowed to send in any MPs - no representation | Rotten boroughs (3) |
| - Areas owned by landowner who decided on the MP - no elections - Malton in Yorkshire and Highram Ferrers in Northamptonshire | Pocket boroughs (2) |
| - Until 1872 - Had to shout out your vote - Some votes bought - Most had to vote for who their boss or landowner told them to - No true representation | No secret ballots (5) |
| - Disastrous for reformers - Gov scared of how big meeting was - Six acts passed - Henry hunt arrested and imprisoned for 2 years - Gov showed strong commitment to reform suppression | Short term consequences of the Peterloo massacre (5) |
| Henry Hunt | Who did those at the Peterloo massacre gather to hear speak? |