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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
are based on shared perceptions not objective reality	Social constructions
molecules of DNA. They consist of 46 chromosomes arranged in pairs	Chromosomes
An organism’s genetic inheritance or genetic potential Unique for every individual	genotype
The observable characteristics of an organism, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and other traits	phenotype
a time when a certain type of development MUST occur or it cannot occur at all. Example: limb formation	critical period
a time when a certain type of development will occur most easily. Example: language development, including learning a second language.	sensitive period
only what can be observed and measured	What do behaviorists think psychologists should focus on?
the variable that is introduced and manipulated to measure its effect on the dependent variable	Independent variable
the variable that is being measured for changes due to the independent variable	dependent variable
group that receives a treatment (independent variable)	experimental group
The pattern for basic motor skills to develop (head down)	Cephalocaudal
The pattern for basic motor skills to develop (center out)	Proximodistal
organ that surrounds the developing embryo and is attached to the uterus. It sustains life via the umbilical cord which provides nourishment and carries away waste	placenta
reproductive cells (sperm and ova. They have only 23 chromosomes. When sperm and ova unite	gametes
have 23 chromosomes from each parent, resulting in a total of 46 chromosomes. When sperm and ova unite and fertilization occurs, a zygote is formed.	zygotes
the process by which neurons or nerve cells are generated in the brain. Most active in prenatal development then babies.	Neurogenesis
life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcibly shaken back and forth. This ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections	shaken baby syndrome
Any of various speech patterns used by parents or caregivers when communicating with young children (repeated questions)	child-directed speech
response of a sensory system (vision, hearing, smell, etc) to when it detects a stimulus	sensation
mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets sensory information	perception
clinging and crying when caregiver is about to leave	seperation anxiety
fear of unfamiliar people getting too close to them	stranger anxiety
A person’s realization that they are a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of others	social awareness
infant avoids contact with the caregiver and does not care when they leave	insecure avoidant (A)
infant obtains comfort and confidence from caregiver’s presence	secure avoidant (B)
infant is anxious and uncertain, they are upset at separation and upset at reunion	insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (C)
infant’s reactions to the caregiver are inconsisten	disorganized attachment
the mouth is the infant’s primary source of gratification. Problems – oral fixation	oral (first year)
infant’s main pleasure source is the anus (potty training & control) Problems – anal personality	anal (2nd year)
infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met	trust vs mistrust
toddlers succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and bodies	Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Can create an adult who is easily shamed and unable to achieve autonomy	Autonomy versus shame and doubt issues
the outer layer of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex ), composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness.	cortex
a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.	synapse
is the cerebral cortex covering the front part of the frontal lobe. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behaviour.	Prefrontal cortex
learning is done through association	classical conditioning
learning is done through punishment and reinforcement	operant conditioning
leanring is done though modeling other people	social leanring
who started operant conditioning	skinner
who started classical conditioning	pavlov
what they can observe and measure. expanded on classical conditioning. lil albert	watson
who started social learning theory	bandura
why are females protected from genetic disorders	two x chromosomes
how long is Germinal period	14 days
how long is Embryonic period	3 to 8 weeks
how long is fetal period	9 weeks to birth
zygote, rapid growth, placenta,	germinal period
cells differentiate, hearts, brains, primitive streak, folic acid, heart, and extremities	Embryonic Period
greatest brain development, sex organs, other organs/tissues. lungs last to develope	fetal period
on day 15 of human development, marks the start of gastrulation, the process in which the inner cell mass in converted into the trilaminar embryonic disc, which is comprised of the three germ layers	primitive streak
is the primordium of the brain and spinal cord, and the process of its formation is called neurulation.	neural tube
Quick assessment of newborn’s heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes	apgar scale
It is completed twice at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth Score of 0, 1, 2 in each category Desired score is 7 or above	apgar scale
Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing or picking things up	fine motor skills
Grasping (whole hand) Reaching Pincer grasp Stacking blocks Drawing lines	examples of fine motor skills
infants in this stage think and learn by using their senses and developing motor skills Object permanence develops during this stage Infants are like little scientists learning through trial and error and experimentation. 0-2 age	Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
caregiving practices involving physical closeness, with frequent holding and touching	proximal parenting
caregiving practices that involve distance from the infant, and providing toys, food, and face to face communication with a minimum of touching	distal parenting
May produce children who are less self-aware but more compliant	results of proximal parenting
May produce children who are more self-aware but less obedient	results of distal parenting