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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Elect-electricy card-heart gram-record Electro radio activity of the heart.Electr o cardi o gram
hemat- blood logy-studyHermat o logy
Epi-above gastric-stomach ic-pretending to below the stomachEpi/gastri/ic
inflammation of the stomach . sick not feeling well.Gast/itis
hypo- low, lower gastric-stomach, ic -below the stomachHypo/gastr/ic
intestine studyGast/o/enter/ology
glandAden/o
jointarthr/o
lifebio/o
cancerous, cancer, causing cancercarcin/o
heartcardi/o
headcephal/o
cerebrumcerebral/o
to cutcis/o
urinary bladdercyst
cellcyt/o
skindem/o dermat/o
Electricityelectr/o
brainencephal/o
intestineenter/o
pertaining toac
p.t.al
painalgia
cellcyte
exclusion, removalectomyw
blood conditionemir
proteinglobin
recordgram
specialistist
inflammationitis
process of studylogy
tumor, mass, swellingoma
process of viewingopsy
disease conditionpathy
instrument to seescope
process of visually examinescopy
no, not, withouta, an
self ownaut, auto
complete throughdia
withinendo
above, uponepi
out outside of outwardex, eco
excessive above, more than normalhyper
under less thanhypo
into, inin
surrounding aroundperi
before ,forwardpro
back, backward, againre
behindretro
below, undersub
across through, ex: nicotine patchtrans
Muscle cell-specialized for contraction Nerve cell-specialized communication Epitheial cell-tightly attached to one another Fat cell- role in storage and release of energy throughout the bodyFour Main Types of Cell(Mom never eats fat)
is a group of SIMILAR cells working to do SPECIFIC jobTissues
Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue Nerve tissue (Evan can make Nachos)Tissue Types:
DIFFEREENT TYPES of tissue combine to form and organOrgans
GROUPS of Organs working together to perform COMPLEX functionSystems
regulations the internal conditions of a CELL or ORGANISM to maintain optimum conditions for function, in response to INTERNAL and EXTERNAL functions. Helps maintain optimal conditions of ENZYME and all CELL FUNCTIONHomeostatasis- staying balance
Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of Homeostasis(relative constancy of the body's internal environment) All organs functions to maintain Homeostatis. Related to age; peak efficiency during youngBalance of Body Function
*blood glucose cencentration *body temperature *water levelsHomeostasis controls:
Negative Feedback Loop: sense a problem and cause change and less often Positive Feedback Loop:Amplify change Feedback Loops-involve a sensor. A control centre and effectorFeedback Loops:Maintains Homeostasis
Normal-no pain body temperature-shivering -trying to get back warmNegative Feedback Loop
Further away from Homeostasis Oxitosis-to deliver baby hormonesPostive Feedback Loop
description of any region/part of the body in a specific stance *body up right *directly facing observer *feet flat and forward *upper limbs are at the body's sides . *palms facing forwardAnatomical Position
front, in front of (same as ventral in humans)Anterior-
back .In back of (same as dorsal in humans)Posterior
father away from the body surfaceDeep
near the body surfaceSuperficial
toward or nearest the trunk or nearest point of origin a structureProximal
away from or farthest from the trunkDistal
towards the feet, lower belowInferior
towards the head, upper and aboveSuperior
towards the midline of a structureMedical
away from the midline tor towards the side of a structureLateral
Anterior Medial Posterior. Laterial Deep. Supine Superficial Prone Proximal Distal Inferior SuperiorPositions, Directions and Planes of Body
Divides front and back . Lenghtwise planePlanes of body Frontal(coronal)
Divides left and right Midsagittal-equally divided left and right Parasagittal-unequally divided left and rightPlanes of body Sagittal(lateral)
laying face up on your backSupine
lying facedown on your bellyProne
cross sectional or axial: divides top and bottom horizontal planeTrasverse
head, neck, torso or trunkAxial
upper and lower extremities including their girdles(scapula, clavicles and pelvis)Regions of the body Appendicular region
Ventral- Thoracic*Mediastinum *Pleural Cavity -Abdominal - PelvicBody Cavities Main devisions
space between the lungs, contains hear, thymus,aorta, tracheaMediastinum- Ventral Cavity
space between membranes surrounding the lungsPleural
Cranial SpinalDorsal Cavity
spaces within the body that contains internal organs(viscera)Body Cavities
Brain(organ)Cranial Cavity
organs-lungs, heart ,esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus glands, aortaThoracic Cavity
stomach,larg intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver and gall bladderAdominal Cavity
portions small/large intenseness, bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters, uterus and vagina in females.Pelvic Cavity
Nerves of the spinal cordSpinal Cavity
contains protein called hemoglobin binds to oxygen carries oxygen around the bodyBlood Cells Red Blood cell=erythrocytes
component blood function is to react to bleeding from blood vessels injury by clumping, initiating a blood clot have no cell nucleusPlatelets=thrombocytes
engulf and attacks bacteriaWhite Blood Cells Neutrophil
fights material and viral infectionsWhite Blood Cell Lymphocytes
indictor of allergic rejections, parasites or cancerWhite Blood Cell Eosinophilis
indicates chronic infections or an reaction or disease.White Blood Cell Monocytes
component of blood function is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot. have no cell nucleusPlatets Thrombocytes
Epithelial Tissue: or inside skin Forms sheets that cover or line the body Connective Tissue: provides sturctural and functional support Muscle Tissue: contracts to produce movement Nervous Tissue; senses, conducts and processes information.Tissues Four Major Tissues and Subtypes (Evan can make Nachos)
Tissues differ in the amount and kind of fluid material between cells Matrix= extracellular matrix It varies in amount and composition amount the various Jelly-like; made up mostly mate with various interlocking fibres. Epithelial tissue have verylittlemzatrix because cells are so closely connectedMatrix=ECM
Covers the body and man of its parts. line various parts of the body placed close together with little or no intercellular material between them.Epithelial Tissue
Squamous: flat and scale like (beer can flattened down) Cuboidal: cube shaped Columnar: higher than they are wide Transitional: Varying shapes that can stretch (Sometimes Chris can Try)Epithelial Tissue Shape identified:
Simple: SINGLE layer of SAME shape Stratified: MANY layers of cellsEpithelial Tissue Categorized by cell arrangement classified as:
consists of a single layer of very thin and irregularly shaped cellsSimple Squamous Epithelium:
is SINGLE layer of cells that are on average about as high as they are wide.Simple Cuboidal epithelium
consists of SEVERAL layers closely paced cells. Common type of cancer in any organ They protect the body against invasions by microorganismsStratified Squamous Epithelium
Is a single layer of cells that are, on average about as high as they are wide. This does not form protective coverings but instead form tubules or other groupingsSimple Cuboidal Epithelium
can be found lining the inner surface of the stomach, intestines and some ares of respiratory and reproductive tracts "open spaces" among the cells are the goblet that produce mucusSimple Columnar Epithelium
typical of that which line the trachea or windpipe note that the epithelium in this figure appears to be several cell layers thick, ut it is not-hence is called Pseudo(false) stratifiedPseudos Stratified Epithelium
Stratified transitional Epithelium is typically found in the body areas subject to stress and must be able to stretchTrasitional Epithelium
connects tissues to each other and form a supporting framework for the body as a whole and for its individuals organs Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body. with many different types, appearances and functions Four in skin, membranes, muscles, bones, nerve and internal organs Relatively few cells in intercellular matrixConnective Tissue
Areolar: (loose connective) tissue: Fibrous glue(fascia)that hold organs together; collagenous and elastic fibres, plus a variety of cell types. Adipose(fat) tissue: Lipid storage, metabolism regulation; brown fat prods heat. Reticlular tissue: Delicate net of collage finer, as in bone marrow Dense fibrous tissue: Bundles of strong collagen fibres: ex: tendon Bone tissue: Matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection Cartilage tissue: Matrix is consistency of gristle-like gel; chondrocyte is cell type. Blood tissue: Matrix is fluid; functions are transportation and protection.Connective Tissue Types:
Bone Tissue: Matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection. Cartilage Tissue: Matrix is consistency of gristle-like gel; chondrocyte is cell type. Blood Tissue: Matrix is fluid; functions are transportation and protection.Connective Tissue Types:
Is the most widely distributed of all connective tissue types. Web of fibre. Also called Areolar, consists of webs of fibres and a variety of cells embedded in a loose matrixLoose Fibrous(Areolar) Connective Tissue
When it begins to store lipids, areolar tissue can develop into adipose tissue, or fat tissueAdipose Tissue:fat
has thin delicate webs of collagen finer called reticular fibres found in bone marrow, the spleen, and lymph nodes.Recticular Tissue:
consists mainly of think bundles of strong, white collagen fibres that are packed closely together.Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue:
its collagen finer bundles arranged in roughly parallel rows( makes up tendons;provides strength and flexiblity.Tissue Regular:
has its collagen finer bungles arranged in a chaotic swirl of tangled bundles(form deepest layer of skin)Tissue Irregular:
solid form of bone, makes up the outer walls of bones in the skeleton called "COMPACT BONE" Inside each bone is a type of bone called CALLCELLOUS bone or SPONGY bone. spaces between sponge tissues makes blood cells spaces within cancellous are filled with blood -forming HEMATOPAIETIC (Adipose tissue)Bone Tissue
Chondrocytes(cartilage cells) located in many tiny spaces distorted throughout the matrix, giving cartilage the appearance of Swiss cheese.Cartilage
Blood is perhaps the most unusual form of connective tissue because its matrix-blood plasma- is liquidBlood
the movement specialists of the body. High degree of contractilityMuscle Tissue
attaches to bones also called striated or voluntary; controls is voluntary is striations apparent when viewed under a microscope called striated involuntary: composes hear wall-ordinarily cannot control contractions. called NONstriated(visceral0 or involuntary. No cross striations found in blood vessels and other tube shape organsMuscle Tissue Types: Skeletal Muscle Tissue: Cardiac Muscle Tissue: Smooth Muscle Tissue:
voluntary attached to bones and when contracts, produce controlled and voluntary body movementsSkeletal Muscle Tissue
form the walls of the heart regular but involuntary contractions of cardiac muscle produce the heart beat. branch and connect to various other cardiac finer branches.Cardiac Muscle Tissue
smooth(visceral)muscle is said to be involuntary. helps form the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs. such as intestines and other tube shape structures in the body.Smooth Muscle Tissue:
function to provide rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions. Two types of cells: Nerve cells(neutrons) cell body. Two types of processes : One Axon one or more dendrites special connecting and supporting cells(gila or neuralgic) display characteristic cell bodies and multiple cell processes. Nuclei of glia are visible as dark dots surrounding the neutron.Nervous Tissue
A cell usually has three distinct areas or layers *Membrane *Cytoplasm & Organelles *NucleusCell Structure and Function Three parts of a cell( My Chris is on Nights)
protective covering allows materials into and out of the cell=selectively permeable. Composed of lipids and proteins(act as a channel) Double layer phospholipids=phospholipid bilayer Prevents hydrophilic molecules to from passingCell Membrane
Movement of substances into and out of the cellMembrane Transport
Passive Transport: no energy required. cell doesn't use energy. 1. Diffusion 2. Faciliated Diffusion 3. Osmosis Active Transport: cell must provide metabolic energy Does used energy 1. Protein pumps 2. Endocytosis 3. ExocytosisTwo basic Transport Methods:
chemicals outside a cell become concentrate moving into the cell , changing the intracellular equilibrium High to low=with concentration on gradient. Factors that affect diffusion 1. Temperature 2.Mass of Molecule 3.SolubilityPassive Transport
Spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane. passing though specific transmembrane integral proteins proteins can change in shape to accommodate the size of the molecules.Facililated Diffusion
net movement of water from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a partially permeable membraneOsmosis:
Movement of materials through the cell membrane using energy move from low concentration to high concentration. Protein pumps protein us ATP to pump "ions" and small molecules against concentration gradient.Active Transport
capturing a substance/ particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane and bringing it into the cell. vesicles fussing with plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cellActive Transport Endocytosis: moving in (EN=IN) Exocytosis: moving out (EX= out exit)
portion of cell between membrane and nucleus Cytopalsm contains the cytosol the cyto Skelton and all organelles except nucleus substance which organelle are suspendedParts of Cell Cytoplasm: liquid Cytosol: semi liquid fluid Organelles: found within cytoplasm some arrange into system defied by structural and or functional relationship
liquid portion of cell membraneCytoplasm:
up 1/3 of cell protein used for cytoskeleton Function: gives cell shape provides support for cell provides anchorage for many organelles allows movement of vesicles and some other along protein"highways"or monorails" helps change shape Involves types of whole cell motility city fagellaCyto skeleton
Microtubules -provides strength and function in moment of organelles. DNA (chromosomes) and Cilla and flagella provides some anchorage Microfilaments- support cells shape by resisting pulling forces with the celll when cell contracts and relaxes Intermediate Filaments- provide strength anchorage for organelles , movement of distance with cell and play a role in (cell to cell adhesion)3 Main Components of Cytoskeleton
Nucleus . Surrounded by a double wall nuclear but has large pores to a low certain material to go in. Controls centre of cell , the brain cell. Contains chromatin contains DNA *Nucleolus *within Nucleus *synthesizes form ribosomes RanOrganelles:
consists of many interconnected sacs(cistern) into which ribosomes attached. Responsible for production of protein. Sends protein to Golgi SER Reticulum consists of interconnected sacs that synthesizes lipids and steroids.Organelles Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(RER) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(SER
Apparatus(GA) * flattened sacs *Received proteins from RER processes it and make it shippable(vesicle) AKA (As know as) the "POST OFFICE) cells with a higher level of secretion contains more GA(salvia gland and pancreatic glands)Golgi apparatus
small round organelles found in the cytoplasm; formed from the "BUDDING OFF" of membrane from the ER the Golgi apparatus and or the plasma membrane. * can be transport vesicles or secretory vesicles. very large round organelles usually formed from the merging of many vesicles.Vesicles: Vacuoles:
contains powerful hydrolytic enzymes that take care of cleaning up the intracellular debris and other waste. *aid in maintaining health by destroying unwanted bacteria(phagocytosis) Found in RER or floating freeing in cytoplasm *assist in production of enzymes and other protein needed for cell repair and reproduction.Lysomomes: Ribosomes:
contains centrioles which are involved in cell division. (as know as )='POWER PLANT"provides 95%of the body's energy needs for cellular repair, movement and reproduction. *Makes ATP have own DNA mtDNACentrosomes: Mitochordria:
assembled in the nucleolus , then exported out through the nuclear pores *ribosomal(RNA)( rRNA) one of the macromolecules required for the synthesis of ribosomes is, manufactured in the nucleolus as well. *Function: carries out protein synthesis in two locations: In the cytosol-for proteins that will stay in the cell, these specific ribosomes are called "FREE RIBOSOMES" *attaches to the outside of the RER or the nuclear envelope for proteins destined for the plasma membrane or outside the cell, these are "BOUND RIBOSOMES" *location of the ribosomes is temporary-ribosomes move from free state to a "bound state or vie versa depending on the protein that is being made.Ribosomes Protein Factories
type of cell division results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parents nucleus (diploid clone)Mitosis
cells may appear inactive during this stage, but they are quite active longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrites divide and protein are actively produced. Prophase- First mitotic stage*nuceolous fades and chromatin(replicated DNA and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes. each replicated chromosome comprises two chromatids both with the same genetic info. Micro bulls of cytoskeleton, responsible for cell shape . Motility interphase disassemble . Building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle from the region of the centrosomes. Metaphase: tension applied by the spindle fibres aligns all chromosome in one plane at the centre of the cell. Anaphase: spindle fiber shorten the kinetocones separate and the chromatids(daughter chromes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles.Mitosis Interphase: Prophase: Metaphase: Anaphase:
Telophase-the daughter chromosomes arrive at the pole and spindle fibres that have pulled them apart disappear. spltting cells *the spindle fibres not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only that portion of overlap is left. *in this region, contractile ring cleaves the cell into two daughter cells. *mircrotubles then reorganized into two cytoskeleton for return to interphase Mitosis(Khan Academy) I picked my today Charlie.Mitosis Telophase: Cytokinesis:
special type of cell division used by sexual reproducing organisms to produce the games, such as sperm or egg cell. Involes two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with one one copy of each chromosome(haploid) Additionally prior to division , genetic material from the paternal and material . copies of each from the paternal and material copies of each chromosomes is crossed over creating new combinations of code of each chromosome. Later during fertilization, haploid cells produce meiosis from male to female fuse to create a cell with two copies of chromosome again "ZYGOTE"Meiosis
two distant division Meiosis. Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 11 Meiosis1 is responsible for genetic diversity. Meiosis 2 reduced the amount of DNA in the daughter cells. end of Meiosis 2 reduces the amount of DNS in the daughter cells. At the end of Meiosis 2 each daughter cell has 23 chromosomes. *Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 11 both have 4 stages: PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE and TELOPHASE.Meiosis Stages:
Cellular Changes:as the cell ages the plasma membrane has an increase amount of fatty acids. This structural change decreases the fluidity of the plasma membrane and reduces the transportation of the ions, nutrients, amino acids, and proteins across the membrane. Nuclear changes-as cell ages cross linkages form between the sulphur atoms on the DNA in the nucleus of the cells . This structural change condenses the DNA which decreases the synthesis of RNA reduces the cell ability to repair enzymes and may reduce cell's ability to divide. Cytoplasmic Change- as the cell ages the volume of cytoplasm increase enzymes that synthesize DNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and there is a gradual build of lipofuscin. While its unclear how this directly affects the cell it is know that once the DNA migrate from the nucleus it is unable to synthesizes enzymes. Ribosomal Changes: the cell ages the amount of ribosomal decreases. this structural change results in a decreased level of protein synthesisCellular changes during Aging Cellular Plasma Membrane Changes; Nuclear Changes: Cytoplasmic Changes: Ribosomal Changes: next page
As the cell ages the number of mitochondrial present in a cell decreases. This structural change reduces the cell's ability to produce energy. As the cell ages the lysosomes become less able to break down wast proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fats. Result is a build up waste within the cell.Cellular changes during Aging Mitochondrial changes: Lysomal changes
During cell developmental years the addition of cells helps tissue and organs grow . in adults mitosis replaces cells that have become less functional with age or have been damaged or destroyed by illness or injury. Many cells loose their ability to function worthy being to function abnormally. If body cell loses its ability to control mitosis , an abnormal mass of proliferating cells develops -Neoplasm Neoplasms that are harmless=BENIGN TUMOR(Evan) Neoplasms there cancerous= MALIGNANT TUMOR.Cell Division and Aging
GI SYSTEM Digestive tract(gastrointestinal tract) is described as Tube that extends from mouth to anus.DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
performs FOUR MAIN FUNCTIONS Ingestion-nutrient into body Digestion-Break down into particles Absorption-take what we need Elimination-get rid of what we don't need.Digestive or gastrointestinal system
food materials taken into mouth food is broken down, mechanically(chewing, stomach grinding) and chemically(acids, enzymes) as it travels through the gastroiestinal tract. Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex nutrients *protein-amino acids *sugars-glucose *Fats-fatty acids or triglyceridesIngestion and Digestion
digested food passes into the bloodstream absorbed through lining cells of the small intestine via VILLI Nutrients travel to all cells of the body. Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in foodAbsorption
the body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream. The large intestine concentrates feces(POOP) The pass out of the body through the anus.Elimination
wall of the digestive tube is formed by four layers of tissue(inner to outer0 MUCOSA-type varies depending on GI location (toughened stratified or delicate and simple epithelium); muscus production. SUBMUCOSA-connective tissue layer MUSCULARIS-circular longitudinal and oblique (in stomach) layers of muscle important in GI motility *Peristalsis-"wavelike" movements pushes food down the tract *Segmentation-"back and forth"movement SEROSA-serous membrane that covers the outside of abdominal organs;it attaches the digestive tract to the wall of abdominoL pelvic cavity by forming folds called MESENTERIESWall of the Digestive Tract
The gastrointestinal tract begins with the ORAL CAVITY consists of teeth, tongue, salivary glandsOrgans of the Digestive System
parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular glandMajor Parts of the Oral cavity
1) Crown 2) Root 3)Enamel 4) Dentin 5) PulpAnatomy of a tooth
*site of mechanical and chemical digestion * beginning of starch breakdown with amylase *Teeth-cut, grind and chew food *Tongue-manipulate food in the mouth and place it between the teeth for chewing. *Salivary Glands-lubricate food and start the breakdown.functions of Oral Cavity
*Saliva-exocrine gland secretion which flows into ducts *Serous type: watery and contains enzymes(salivary amylase)but no muscus *Mucus type: thick, slippery and contains muscus but no enzymes -lubricats food during masticationSalivary Glands
*Parotid glands -largest salivary glands -produces serous type saliva mumps -infections of parotids *Submandibular glands -mixed gland-produces both serous types and musuc type saliva -located below mandibular angle *Sublingual glands -produce only mucus type salvia-under tongueSalivary Gland Types
is shared by respiratory and digestive *Throat- Antomic components: Nasopharynx, Oropharyn, Laryngopharynx -voice box Oropharynx most involved segment in digestive process of swallowing or DEGLUTITION swallowingPharynx
Epiglottis- guides food. When swallowing, prevents food from going down trachea.Deglutition(swelling)
*connects pharynx to stomach *dynmaic passageway for food *Food enters stomach by passing through lower esophageal sphincter(LES) or cardiac sphincterEsophagus
7 meters long Divsision-1. Duodenum, 2, Jejunum, 3.lleum Villi in the lining of the small intestineSmall Intestine
Cecum-first part of large intestine. Appendix hangs off cecum Colon-ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectumLarge Insestine
Hepatic flexure, duodenum, transverse colon, Ascending colon, Iliocecal valve, Cecum, Appendix, Splenic flexure, jejunum, Descending colon, Ileum, Sigmoid colon, Rectum, AnusLarge Intestine Parts
Liver, Gallbladder, Cystic duct, Hepatic duct, Common bile duct, Duodenum, Pancreas, Pancreatic duct, Stomach, SpleenLiver, Gallblander and pancreas diagrams
helps maintain normal blood glucose levels Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bile Removes toxins and poisons from the bloodLiver: besides producing bile, the liver:
Inferior vena cava, aorta, gall bladder, common bile duct, hepatic artery, portal veinHuman Liver Anatomy Diagram
location: undersurface of the liver concentrates and STORES BILE made by liver Common Bile Duct drains bile from hepatic/cystic duct into the Duodenum.Gallbladder:
Right hepatic duct, left hepatic duct, Cystic duct, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, gallbladder, Distal common bile duct.GallBladder Anatomy Diagram
Endocrine and Exocrine functions. Exocrine functions: secrets pancreatic juices from Pancreatic Duct into the Duodenum *Enzymes -Amylase: breaks down starch Lipase: breaks down fat protease : breaks down proteinsPancreas:
Pancreas-insulin, Endocrine function-Bloodstream to cells Pancreas-enzymes, Exocrine function-Duodenum for digestionPancreas and its functions diagram
continues serous membrane lining abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs. Parietal layer of peritoneum line abdominal cavity; Visceral layer peritoneum covers abdominal organs peritoneal space lies between parietal and visceral layersPeritoneum
aDigestive Tract Diagram
aPassage of Food GI Tract Diagram
Signs and Systems; Diarrhea- Movement of fecal material through the intestines too fast Water doesn't get the chance to absorb back into the body Constipation: Movement of fecal material through the intestines too slow A lot of water get absorbed back into the body.Pathology of the GI System
Dysphagia-difficulty in swollening Eructation- gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth. Flatus-gas expelled through thanes it erupts Hematochezia-passage of fresh, bright red blood from rectum-blood comping out. Jaundice(icterus) yellow orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Melena-black, tarry stools; fecescontaining digested blood Nausea- unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit. Steatorrhea-fat in the faces; foul smelling fecal matter. pail fattierPathology of the GI System
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract It is a chronic, incurable disease and effects men and women equally It seems to be genetically linked. Crohn's disease can involve inflammation in any part of the digestive tract, most often in the ileum(ILETIS)Crohn's disease
abnormal side pockets(outpourings) in the intestinal wall. Called DIVERTICULITIS if becomes filled with fecal matter.Diverticulosis
group of gastrointestinal systems associated with stress and tension(mom) emotional induced.IBS irritable bowel
chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcersUlcerative Colitis
Healthy- Crohn's disease- fat wrapping, Muscle hypertrophy, Cobblestone appearance, fissures, Ulcerative colitis- Ulceration within the mucosa,spotts (ulcers) little holes.Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagram
painful, inflamed intestinesDysentery
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region.Hemmorrihoids
abnormal tube like passageway near the annus cut crack little tearsAnal Fistual
polyps protrudes form the mucous membrane of the colon plus going.Colonic polyps-
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or bothColorectal Cancer
malignant tutor of the esophagusEsophageal cancer-
malignant tutor of the stomachGastric carcinoma
varicose veins in stomach(grammies legs) swollen various,variose veins at the lower end of esophagusEsophageal varices diagram
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD) solid and fluids return to the mouth form the stomach heartburn is the burning sensation caused by regurgitation of hydrochloric acid from the stomach to esophagus AKA(also know as) Acid refluxGERD