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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Serotonergic; Moderate depressionSt. John's Wort: Class and Indication
Increases levels of serotoninSt. John's Wort: Mechanism of Action
Limit the effects of many prescription medications; Psychosis; Minor effects include upset stomach and sensitivity to sunlightSt. John's Wort: Side Effects
Do not combine with other serotonergic drugsSt. John's Wort: C/C
Stimulant - may worsen feelings of anxiety in some peopleSt. John's Wort: Nursing Implications
Immune function booster; used only prophylacticallyEchinacea: Class and Indication
E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, E. pallidaEchinacea: species
Digestive tract symptoms - nausea, stomach painEchinacea: Side Effects
Allergic reaction - children more prone; may interfere with immunosuppressantsEchinacea: C/C
UTI prevention; ProphylacticCranberry: Class and Indication
Proanthocyanidins interfere with bacterial adhesion to urinary tractCranberry: Mechanism of Action
May increase INR of warfarin patientsCranberry: C/C
Omega-3 fatty acid; rheumatoid arthritis (maybe)Fish Oil: Class and Indication
InconclusiveFish Oil: Mechanism of Action
Minor GI symptoms - belching, indigestion, diarrhea; May extend bleeding time; Can be allergenicFish Oil: Side Effects
Caution with other anticoagulantsFish Oil: C/C
Evidence suggests eating seafood is betterFish Oil: Nursing Implications
Fat soluble; Skeletal diseasesVitamin D: Class and Indication
Regulates serum calcium by promoting mobilization of calcium from boneVitamin D: Mechanism of Action
Fatigue, weakness, dizzinessVitamin D: Side Effects
Pregnancy category CVitamin D: C/C
Recommended intake varies with ageVitamin D: Nursing Implications
Fat soluble; Warfarin overdose, neonatal hemorrhagic diseaseVitamin K: Class and Indication
Promotes liver synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and XI; Helps produce RBCsVitamin K: Mechanism of Action
Anaphylaxis-like reaction; flushing, chills, fever, dizziness, cramp-like painsVitamin K: Side Effects
Biliary tract disease, obstructive jaundice, or severe liver diseaseVitamin K: C/C
Decreased anticoagulant effects of warfarinVitamin K: Nursing Implications
Water soluble; Anemias, prevents neural tube defects in newbornsVitamin B9: Class and Indication
Stimulates production of RBCs, WBCs, and plateletsVitamin B9: Mechanism of Action
Feeling of warmth, flushingVitamin B9: Side Effects
Doses of greater than 800mcg/day increase cancer riskVitamin B9: C/C
Interacts with methotrexate, increases metabolism of some anticonvulsantsVitamin B9: Nursing Implications
Water soluble; Synthesis and maintenance of collagen, maintain immune system, treat scurvyVitamin C: Class and Indication
Enhances iron absorption; required for synthesis of lipids, proteins, and steroids; aids in cellular respiration and resistance to infectionsVitamin C: Mechanism of Action
Nausea, vomiting, heartburn; Megadoses can cause nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal cramps, and acidified urineVitamin C: Excess
Scurvy - gingivitis, loss of teeth, anemia, subcutaneous hemorrhage, bone lesions, delayed healingVitamin C: Deficiency
Mineral; Requirements high for growing children and pregnant or nursing womenCalcium: Class and Indication
Transmission of nerve impulses; Contraction of cardiac, smooth, skeletal muscles; Renal function, respiration, and blood coagulationCalcium: Mechanism of Action
Cardiac irregularities, delirium, coma, serious cardiac dysrhythmiasCalcium: Excess
Infantile rickets, adult osteomalacia, osteoporosisCalcium: Deficiency
St. John's Wort: Class and IndicationSerotonergic; Moderate depression
St. John's Wort: Mechanism of ActionIncreases levels of serotonin
St. John's Wort: Side EffectsLimit the effects of many prescription medications; Psychosis; Minor effects include upset stomach and sensitivity to sunlight
St. John's Wort: C/CDo not combine with other serotonergic drugs
St. John's Wort: Nursing ImplicationsStimulant - may worsen feelings of anxiety in some people
Echinacea: Class and IndicationImmune function booster; used only prophylactically
Echinacea: speciesE. angustifolia, E. purpurea, E. pallida
Echinacea: Side EffectsDigestive tract symptoms - nausea, stomach pain
Echinacea: C/CAllergic reaction - children more prone; may interfere with immunosuppressants
Cranberry: Class and IndicationUTI prevention; Prophylactic
Cranberry: Mechanism of ActionProanthocyanidins interfere with bacterial adhesion to urinary tract
Cranberry: C/CMay increase INR of warfarin patients
Fish Oil: Class and IndicationOmega-3 fatty acid; rheumatoid arthritis (maybe)
Fish Oil: Mechanism of ActionInconclusive
Fish Oil: Side EffectsMinor GI symptoms - belching, indigestion, diarrhea; May extend bleeding time; Can be allergenic
Fish Oil: C/CCaution with other anticoagulants
Fish Oil: Nursing ImplicationsEvidence suggests eating seafood is better
Vitamin D: Class and IndicationFat soluble; Skeletal diseases
Vitamin D: Mechanism of ActionRegulates serum calcium by promoting mobilization of calcium from bone
Vitamin D: Side EffectsFatigue, weakness, dizziness
Vitamin D: C/CPregnancy category C
Vitamin D: Nursing ImplicationsRecommended intake varies with age
Vitamin K: Class and IndicationFat soluble; Warfarin overdose, neonatal hemorrhagic disease
Vitamin K: Mechanism of ActionPromotes liver synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and XI; Helps produce RBCs
Vitamin K: Side EffectsAnaphylaxis-like reaction; flushing, chills, fever, dizziness, cramp-like pains
Vitamin K: C/CBiliary tract disease, obstructive jaundice, or severe liver disease
Vitamin K: Nursing ImplicationsDecreased anticoagulant effects of warfarin
Vitamin B9: Class and IndicationWater soluble; Anemias, prevents neural tube defects in newborns
Vitamin B9: Mechanism of ActionStimulates production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Vitamin B9: Side EffectsFeeling of warmth, flushing
Vitamin B9: C/CDoses of greater than 800mcg/day increase cancer risk
Vitamin B9: Nursing ImplicationsInteracts with methotrexate, increases metabolism of some anticonvulsants
Vitamin C: Class and IndicationWater soluble; Synthesis and maintenance of collagen, maintain immune system, treat scurvy
Vitamin C: Mechanism of ActionEnhances iron absorption; required for synthesis of lipids, proteins, and steroids; aids in cellular respiration and resistance to infections
Vitamin C: ExcessNausea, vomiting, heartburn; Megadoses can cause nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal cramps, and acidified urine
Vitamin C: DeficiencyScurvy - gingivitis, loss of teeth, anemia, subcutaneous hemorrhage, bone lesions, delayed healing
Calcium: Class and IndicationMineral; Requirements high for growing children and pregnant or nursing women
Calcium: Mechanism of ActionTransmission of nerve impulses; Contraction of cardiac, smooth, skeletal muscles; Renal function, respiration, and blood coagulation
Calcium: ExcessCardiac irregularities, delirium, coma, serious cardiac dysrhythmias
Calcium: DeficiencyInfantile rickets, adult osteomalacia, osteoporosis