| breathing | what does pulmonary venilation mean |
| O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood | what does external respiration mean |
| O2 and CO2 exhange between systemic blood vessels and tissues | what does internal respiration mean |
| conducting zone, respiratory zone, respiratory muscles | what are the anatomical structures of the respiratory system organized to |
| conduits to gas exchange sites | conducting zone |
| site of gas exchange | respiratory zone |
| diaphragm and other muscles | respiratory muscles |
| nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx | three parts of pharynx |
| Upper section of respiratory tract. Conduction of air. Nasal cavity to Larynx | what is the upper respiratory system |
| Lower section of respiratory tract. Gas exchange. Trachea to Alveoli | what is the lower respiratory system |
| Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx Trachea Primary Bronchi (Lobar) Secondary bronchus (Segmental) Tertiary bronchus Bronchiole Terminal bronchiole (end of conducting zone) Respiratory Bronchiole (start of respiratory zone) Alveolar duct Alveolar sacs Alveoli | Give the flow of air from the nasal cavity all the way to the alveoli: |
| Area of Entry/Exit into the lungs for bronchi, arteries, veins and nerves | What is the hilus? |
| Tertiary bronchi as it divides, decrease in size, becomes more smooth muscle and less cartilage | what is the segmented bronchi |
| Left Smaller, has 2 lobes, oblique fissure, cardiac notch
Right 3 lobes, oblique and horizontal fissures | Contrast the right and the left lungs: |
| Three on the right; Two on the left | Contrast the right and the left secondary bronchi: |
| right | Which primary bronchi is shorter? |
| brochioles | Which respiratory conduit contains no cartilage: the trachea, the bronchi, the bronchioles? |
| Nasal cavity - Nasopharynx : tissue: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium | Give the changes in respiratory mucosa along the respiratory tract: |
| upper larynx: tissue : Stratified squamous epithelium | Oropharynx |
| bronchioles: tissue: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar stratified cuboidal few cilia | Lower larynx |
| Simple squamous epithelial tissue | Exchange surface of lungs: tissue |
| Conduction of air | Function of the upper respiratory tract? |
| elastic cartilage | epiglottis cartilage |
| hyaline | cuneiform cartilage |
| Elastic fibers that connect arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage | What are the vocal cords? |
| • Site for gas exchange | Describe the respiratory exchange surface |
| is a detergent like lipid that prevents alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension in alveolar | explain what is surfactant |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme. Converts antiotensin 1 to antiotensin 2 | what is ACE |
| Fluid buildup in lung | Pleura effusion |
| : Procedure to remove fluid/air from pleural space | Thoracocentesis |
| Not enough oxygen | Hypoxia: |
| Absence of oxgen | Anoxya |
| • Visceral is on external lung surface and moves interiorly to create lobules
• Parietal on thoracic wall and superior surface of diaphragm | Explain the relationship between the visceral and the parietal pleura |
| • is the space where lungs are located within the thoracic cavity. | What is the pleural cavity? |
| is the fluid found between the visceral and parietal pleura | What is the pleural fluid? |
| Diaphragm & External intercostals | List the muscles of quiet inspiration |
| Diaphragm & External intercostals | List the muscles involved in quiet exhalation (muscles that relaxed) |
| Scalene, Pectoralis major, Sternocleidomastoid | List the muscles that are contracted during forced inspiration |
| Abdominal muscles & Internal intercostals | List the muscles that are contracted during forced exhalation |
| Respiratory muscles contract Thoracic volume increases Lungs are stretchedIntrapulmonary volume increases Intrapulmonary pressure drops air moves into the lungs following the pressure gradient. | Explain what happens to the volume and pressure in the lungs during inhalation |
| Inspiratory muscle relaxThoracic Volume Decrease Elastic lungs recoil and intrapulmonary volume decreases air moves out of the lungs following the pressure gradient. | explain what happens to the volume and pressure in the lungs during exhalation |
| Wound that admits air into pleural cavity. Causes atelectasis | Pneumothorax: |
| Collapsed alveoli (collapsed lungs): caused by collapsed bronchioles, or by a pneumothorax | Atelectasis |
| Breaths per minute | Respiratory rate |
| Volume of gas inhaled/exhaled per minute | Respiratory minute volume |
| Volume of air trapped in conducting zone (Not contribute to gas exchange). Fixed volume, it does not change. | Anatomical dead space |
| The volume of air reaching the alveoli for gas exchange | Alveolar ventilation |
| A high respiratory rate with shallow breathing gives us more breaths but less air volume, and thus less alveolar ventilation.
Whereas a slow respiratory rate, with deep breaths brings in more air to the alveoli. The reason for this is because the dead space volume is fixed, it does not change. | What happens to the alveolar ventilation if the respiratory rate increases but the tidal volume decreases |
| (Tidal Volume) Amount of air inhaled/exhaled at normal rest conditions | TV |
| : (Inspiratory Capacity) Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration | IC |
| (Vital Capacity) Maximum amount that can be expired after max inspiration: TV+IRV+ERV | VC |
| : (Residual Volume) Air remaining in lungs after forced exhale | RV |
| (Inspiratory reserve volume) air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal TV exhale | IRV |
| : (Expiratory Residual Volume) Air that can be exhaled after a normal TV exhalation | ERV |
| (Total Lung Capacity) Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after max inspiration: TV+IRV+ERV+RV | TLC |
| Gas exchange between capillaries and tissue | - Internal Respiration |
| : Gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries | - External Respiration |
| : resting respiratory rate (natural) | - Eupnea |
| : Lung collapse Plugged bronchioles collapse of alveoli | - Atelectasis |
| Movement or air in and out of the lungs (alveoli) | - Ventilation: |
| Insufficient amount of surfacant | What causes Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in premature babies. |
| It helps open up breathing passages | Explain why epinephrine is used during an asthma attack |
| Causes enlarged air sacs and off balances the surface tension of alveoli- shortness of breath. Because the elastic tissue of the lungs (alveoli) is damaged. Elastic tissue cannot recoil anymore. | Explain how is compliance compromised in a condition called emphysema. |
| Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Give two examples of COPD. |
| 1.5% of oxygen dissolved in plasma | What % of oxygen is carried dissolved in the plasma |
| 98.5% carried by hemoglobin. | what % is carried by hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin combined with Oxygen | What is oxyhemoglobin |
| release | - Under acidic conditions hemoglobin will (release/retain) -------------- O2 |
| release | - An increase of CO2 in tissues can be due to high tissue activity, this increase will cause hemoglobin to (release/retain) -------------- O2 |
| increase | - The Bohr effect: Acidic conditions (increase/decrease) --------- H+ levels. |
| release | In the presence of acidic conditions, Hemoglobin will (release/retain) -------------- O2 and capture H+ ions |
| release | - Metabolic reactions give off heat, active cells give off heat, active cells require more O2. Therefore, the heat from metabolism causes hemoglobin to (release/retain) -------------- O2. |
| 7-10% | percentage of CO2 dissolved in plasma |
| 20% | percentage of CO2 forms carbaminohemoglobin |
| 70% | percentage of CO2 transported in plasma as bicarbonate ions |
| CO2 + H2O H2 CO3 H+ + HCO3- | This reaction occurs inside the RBC’s |
| increased | Notice that an increase in CO2 will cause an increase in H+ ions (acidic conditions). Active tissue has an (increased/decreased) ---------------- levels of CO2. |
| increase | The CO2 will (increase/decrease) ------------- the Bohr effect. |
| medulla and pons | Respiratory Centers are located in |
| Peripheral chemoreceptor | are located in the carotid artery and the aortic sinuses. |
| increase | Increased levels of CO2 , hypercapnea, (above 40 mmHg) stimulation of respiratory centers -------------- (increase/decrease) respiratory rate |
| decrease | Decreased levels of CO2 , hypocapnea, (below 40 mmHg) no stimulation of respiratory centers -------------- (increase/decrease) respiratory rate. |
| yes, no | increased of heart rate for sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| yes, no | Increase respiratory rate for sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| no, yes | Decrease of respiratory rate for sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| yes no | Bronchiodilation for sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| no,no | Bronchioconstriction for sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| • P O2- Low in active tisse
• Temperature- High in active tissue
• P Co2- High in active tissue
• Blood pH- Low in active tissue
• Concentration of BPG high in active tissue | Conditions in Active Tissue: |
| • Increase in temperature, H+, P Co2 and BPG | Conditions that cause Hemoglobin to release Oxygen: |
| A decrease in the amount of oxygen associated with hemoglobin and other respiratory compounds in response to a lowered blood pH resulting from an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. | What is the Bohr effect? |
| internal respiration | .- Exchange of gases between tissue and capillaries is called |
| ventilation | .- Inhalation and exhalation is called |
| type 2 | .- Alveolar cells that secrete surfactant are |
| bronchioles | .- Which conduit would have no cartilage, only smooth muscle? |
| .- respiratory distress syndrome, increased surface tension in alveoli | .- A lack of surfactant causes |
| larynx, trachea, terminal brochiole, oropharynx | Which of the following organs are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? |
| provides an airway for ventilation
warms incoming air
filters incoming air
cleans incoming air
houses olfactory receptors | Which of the following is a function of the nasal cavity? |
| enhances turbulence of air and slows down air flow, increases mucosal area, lined with ciliated epithelium | The nasal conchae |
| .- ethmoid
frontal
maxillary
sphenoid | Which of these bones do contain sinuses |
| closes the glotis, is made of elastic cartilage, is closed during valsava’s maneurver | The epiglottis: |
| trachea, larynx, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi | Which of the following organs of the conductiong zone of the respiratory system are lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium? |
| Right lung has three lobes and two fissures
Left lung has two lobes and one fissure | Differentiate between the right and the left lungs |
| lobar brochi | Secondary bonchi are also called: |
| 3 | How many secondary bronchi would you expect to see in the right lung |
| rings of cartilage | Which would you not expect to find in the brochioles |
| simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium, smooth muscle, narrow lumen | Which would you expect to find in the brochioles |
| (simple squamous epithelium) makes up the walls of the alveoli | type 1 cells |
| (septal cells) secrete surfactant | Type II cells |
| pulmonary arteries | Which vessels deliver systemic blood to the lungs? |
| Collapsed lung | What is atelectasis and what can cause atelectasis. |
| decrease lung volume, increased lung pressure | Expiration involves |
| .- diaphragm
external intercostals
pectoralis minor | Muscles contracted to increase volume of air during inspiration are (IRV): |
| volume in the lungs increase, the diaphragm contracts, the pressure in the lungs is -1 mmHg | During inspiration (inhalation): |
| - Surfactant
- Resistance
- Lung compliance
Osification of costal cartilage affects pulmonary ventilation because it affects lung compliance. | List the 3 factors that influence pulmonary ventilation |
| They present with a normal total lung capacity (TLC | .- Which is true of obstructive pulmonary diseases |
| .- As the conducting zone tubes become smaller | .- As the conducting zone tubes become smaller |
| rectus abdominus | Which is an accessory muscle of expiration? |
| slow, deep breathing | Which increases alveolar ventilation rate |
| decrease the affinity of Hb for oxygen, enhance O2 unloading from blood to tissue | An increase in temperature will: |
| increase blood pH | Which factors decrease the Bohr effect? |
| Pontine respiratory group
.- Higher brain centers | The breathing rhythm generated by the VRG can be modified by the |
| .- increased respiratory rate
stimulation of chemoreceptors
decreased of blood pH | An increase in arterial levels of CO2 results in: |
| Low oxygen levels, At high temperatures | Under which conditions is hemoglobin more likely to give up oxygen? |
