| Insulin is secreted by beta cells in the ____________ in the pancreas | islets of Langerhans |
| Insulin is secreted by the pancreas to __________ the blood glucose level. | lower |
| Glucose is metabolized in order to | provide energy for the body |
| When the pancreas does not produce any insulin, this is _______ diabetes | type 1 |
| When the pancreas produces too little insulin, this is known as _________ diabetes | type 2 |
| Type ____ diabetes also describes a condition where the number of or the sensitivity of insulin receptors on body cells is decreased. | 2 |
| The abbreviation IDDM stands for | insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (now known as type 1 diabetes) |
| Type 1 diabetes is also known as | juvenile-onset diabetes |
| Type 1 diabetes is only treated with insulin given via this route of administration. | Subcutaneous injection |
| The first treatment for type 2 diabetes is | oral antidiabetic drugs |
| When necessary, type 2 diabetes is treated with | insulin |
| The abbreviation NIDDM stands for | non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
| When the blood glucose level is constantly elevated, this is known as | untreated or uncontrolled diabetes |
| 3 important components of managing diabetes are | 1) limiting carbs and fats 2) controlling weight 3) exercising |
| Complications that can result from prolonged untreated or uncontrolled diabetes include | diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, arteriosclerosis, and ketoacidosis |
| The first insulin drug was made from | the ground-up pancreases of cows (bovine insulin) |
| NPH stands for | neutral protamine Hagedorn |
| This insulin drug was the first FDA-approved drug made by using recombinant DNA technology | Humulin |
| This was the first FDA-approved insulin analog drug | insulin aspart |
| This drug, a powdered form of insulin, was discontinued due to lack of sales. | Exubera |
| Insulin drugs are grouped according to | the timing of their therapeutic effect |
| How quickly an insulin drug acts in the body depends on | the size of the insulin crystal |
| How many hours an insulin drug's therapeutic effect lasts depends on | the amount of protamine and zinc added to the insulin |
| Rapid-acting insulin drugs have __________(larger, smaller) crystals | smaller |
| Humulin R is a ________ (fast-acting, long-acting) insulin drug | fast-acting |
| Rapid-acting insulin drugs are always a ________ (clear, cloudy) liquid in a vial. | clear |
| The brand name for insulin lispro is ________ | Humalog |
| Humalog is an insulin ________ drug. | analog |
| The brand name for insulin aspart is | NovoLog |
| NovoPen Echo (an epipen for children) has these functions | It can administer half units and it has a memory function that records the dose and time of the last insulin injection. |
| The therapeutic effect for intermediate-acting insulin drugs does not start for | 1-2 hours, and it lasts 15 hours |
| Intermediate-acting insulin drugs are also known as | NPH insulin drugs |
| NPH insulin drugs contain | protamine and zinc |
| NPH in NPH insulin drugs stands for | neutral protamine Hagedorn |
| Intermediate-acting insulin drugs are always a ________ (clear, cloudy) liquid | cloudy, because of the presence of protamine |
| These groups have the highest rates of diabetes in the U.S. | Poor people and minorities (especially blacks and Hispanics) |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs are __________ (more, less) effective in children. | less |
| Children with diabetes are more likely to develop these complications | eye problems, nerve damage, kidney failure |
| This neurologic disorder has been linked to beef and beef/pork insulin drugs (which is why they are no longer available) | Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease |
| These two factors slow down the onset of insulin's therapeutic effect in long-acting insulin drugs | large insulin crystals and zinc |
| The therapeutic effect of long-acting insulin drugs lasts | up to 24 hours |
| Long-acting insulin drugs are always ________ (clear, cloudy) | clear |
| In combination insulin drugs, the _______ percentage is always listed first. | intermediate-acting insulin drug |
| Long-acting insulin drugs are _________ (never, sometimes) used in combination with other insulin drugs. | never |
| Insulin can never be given orally because | the insulin molecule is broken down by digestive enzymes |
| Insulin is injected _______ (into the muscle, into the fat layer beneath the skin) | into the fat layer beneath the skin |
| This portable device is about the size of a large pen and allows for discreet administration of insulin | Humalog KwikPen |
| A portable insulin pump allows for insulin to be administered directly into _______. | the blood |
| People who have poorly controlled diabetes may have a | totally implantable computerized insulin pump |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs work by | stimulating the beta cells of the pancreas to secrete more insulin and to increase the number of insulin receptors |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs cannot be used to treat patients with type ___ diabetes. | 1 |
| Sulfonylurea oral antidiabetic drugs work by | stimulating the beta cells of the pancreas to secrete more insulin |
| This first category of oral antidiabetic drugs was | sulfonylurea drugs |
| The following endings are common to sulfonylurea antidiabetic drugs | -amide, -ride, and -zide |
| glipizide (Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL) is an example of this type of oral antidiabetic drug | sulfonylurea drug |
| This category of oral antidiabetic drugs works by closing potassium channels in the cell membranes of the beta cell. | meglitinide drugs |
| Diabeta (glyburide) is a _________ oral antidiabetc drug. | sulfonylurea |
| This ending is common to meglitinide oral antidiabetic drugs | -glinide |
| Thiazolidinedione antidiabetic drugs work in these 2 ways | 1) they increase sensitivity of body cells to insulin 2) they decrease the release of stored glucose from the liver |
| This ending is common to generic thiazolidinedione oral antidiabetic drugs | -glitazone |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor oral antidiabetic drugs inhibit the actions of these 2 enzymes | amylase and alpha-glucoside hydrolase |
| When amylase and alpha-glucoside hydrolase are inhibited, ______ amounts of glucose are produced from food that is eaten. | smaller |
| Sodium-Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor oral antidiabetic drugs are also known as | SGLT2 inhibitor drugs |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor oral antidiabetic drugs keep blood glucose levels down by | inhibiting a substance that transports sodium and glucose from renal tubules into the blood |
| This ending is common to sodium-glucose contransporter 2 inhibitor oral antidiabetic drugs | -glifozin |
| 3 effects of biguanide oral antidiabetic drugs are: | 1) decrease absorption of glucose from intestines into blood 2) decrease release of stored glucose from liver into blood 3) and improves ability of body cells to use any insulin that is present |
| This drug is the only drug in the biguanide oral antidiabetic drugs category | metformin (trade names: Glucophage and Glucophage XR) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor oral antidiabetic drugs work by | prolonging the actions of GLP-1 and GIP |
| GLP-1 and GIP are hormones that are released into the blood by ________ after food is eaten. | the small intestine |
| DPP-4 is an enzyme that normally ________ the actions of GLP-1 and GIP. | inactivates |
| By _________ DPP-4, the actions of GLP-1 and GIP are prolonged | inhibiting |
| This ending is common to generic DPP-4 inhibitor oral antidiabetic drugs | -gliptin |
| The first FDA-approved drug in the DPP-4 inhibitor category was | Januvia (sitagliptin) |
| Janumet contains | metformin and sitagliptin |
| Incretins are substances in the body that | stimulate GLP receptors in beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin when the blood glucose level is high |
| The main incretin in the body is | glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) |
| Incretin mimetic antidiabetic drugs are only given this way | subcutaneous injection |
| Byetta (exenatide) is a synthetic version of a hormone found in | the saliva of the Gila monster |
| Byetta is a(n) __________ antidiabetic drug | incretin mimetic |
| Byetta needs to be injected this often | every morning and every evening before meals |
| Bydureon needs to be injected this often | once a week (it is an extended-release injection) |
| Amylin is a substance in the body that has these 3 effects on the body | 1) slows the rate at which food leaves the stomach, 2) stops the release of stored glucose from the liver 3) works in the brain to decrease appetite |
| Symlin (pramlintide) is a ___________ antidiabetic drug. | amylin analog |
| Welchol (colesevelam) is a bile acid sequestrant drug that is used to treat type 2 diabetes by | stimulating receptors in the liver that produce a protein which increases glucose metabolism in cells |
| The thyroid gland secretes these 2 hormones | triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) |
| Sources of drugs used to treat hypothyroidism include: | 1) desiccated animal thyroid glands 2) synthetically manufactured drugs |
| liothyronine (Cytomel, Triostat) only contains | the T3 hormone |
| These thyroid hormone drugs contain both T3 and T4 | Thyrolar (liotrix) and Armour Thyroid (thyroid desiccated) |
| Thyrolar and Armour Thyroid are derived from | ground-up and dried pig thyroid glands |
| This drug contains only T4 hormone | levothyroxine (Synthroid) |
| Hyperthyroidism is also known as | thyrotoxicosis |
| hyperthyroidism is treated with this kind of drug | antithyroid drug |
| If antithyroid drugs are not enough to lower thyroid hormone levels in the blood, this drug is used. | radioactive sodum iodide 131 |
| These 2 drugs are antithyroid drugs used to treat hyperthyroidism. | Tapazole (methimazole) and propylthiouracil |
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland causes | acromegaly |
| hyposecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland causes | failure to grow in children |
| Diabetes insipidus is caused by | hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone by the pituitary gland |
| Parlodel, Somatuline Depot, Sandostatin, and Somavert are drugs used to treat | hypersecretion of human growth hormone |
| Iplex, Increlex, Geref, Protropin, Humatrop, and Nutropin are used to treat | hyposecretion of human growth hormone |
| ADH stands for | antidiuretic hormone |
| 2 drugs used to treat diabetes insipidus are | desmopressin (DDAVP, Stimate) and vasopressin (Pitressin) |
| DDAVP, Stimate, and Pitressin are given via these routes | subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. |
| Cushing's syndrome is caused by | hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal gland cortex |
| Addison's disease is caused by | hyposecretion of cortisol from the adrenal gland cortex |
| Signifor (pasireotide) is used to treat | Cushing's syndrome in patients who cannot have surgery |
| Addison's disease is a _________ disorder where the body's antibodies destroy the _________ cortex. | autoimmune, adrenal gland |
| Fatigue, weight loss, and decreased ability to tolerate stress, disease, or surgery are all symptoms of | Addison's disease |
| Addison's disease is treated with | corticosteroid drugs |
| These endings are common to generic corticosteroid drugs | -asone, -isone, -olone |
| Moon face and buffalo hump are symptoms of | long-term or high-dose use of corticosteroids |
| Testosterone drugs are also known as | androgen drugs |
| cryptorchidism is a condition where | the testes have not descended |
| orchitis is a condition where | there is inflammation of the testes |
| Cryptorchidism, orchitis, delayed puberty, chemotherapy, alcoholism, or surgical removal of the testes can all cause | hyposecretion of testosterone |
| -sterone is a common ending to generic ________ hormone drugs | androgen |
| Axiron (a topical drug form of testosterone) is only applied to | the armpits |
| Anabolic steroids are schedule ____ drugs | III |
| Anabolism is the process of | tissue building |
| catabolism if the process of | tissue breakdown |
| Anabolic steroids are manufactured from | testosterone |
| This kind of drug is used to treat loss of muscle mass and strength associated with AIDS wasting syndrome | anabolic steroids |
| "Stacking" is the practice of | using 2 or more anabolic steroids at the same time |
