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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
to survive we need to maintain normal volume and composition ofextracellular fulid(ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid balanceamout of water gained each day equals the amount lost
electrolyte balanceion gain each day equals the ion loss
acid base balanceH+ gain is offset by their loss
H20 is how many percent of total body weight60%
fractions of H2O in ICF and ECF2/3 in ICF, 1/3 in ECF
largest subdivisions of ECF areinterstitial fluid of peripheral tissue, plasma of circulating blood
intracellular (ICF)cytosol of cells
extracellular(ECF) componentsplasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, CSF, other:synovial, endolymph, perilymph
principal ions in ECFsodium, chloride, bicarbonate(HO3)
ICF contains abundance ofpotassium(the main cation), negatively charged proteins
to maintain homeostasis the body needs torespond to changes in the ECF, NOT the ICF
our cells dontmove water molecules by molecules by active transport
water moves....in response to.....passively, osmotic gradients
the bodys content of water or electrolytes will rise if.....and will fall if....dietary gains exceed losses(overhydration), losses exceed gains(dehydration)
the main hormone for water regulation isantidiuretic hormone (ADH)
increased release of ADH has two important effectsstimulates water conservation at the kidneys, reducing urinary water losses and concentrating the urine stimulates thirst center,promoting intake of fluids
which part of the kidney responds to ADHDCT, collecting ducts
ADH response isincreases thirst, increase water reabsorption in DCT and collecting ducts
in aldosterone, the higher the plama concentration of alderstonethe more effeciently the kidneys conserve Na+(reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium)
aldosterone is secreted in response torising K+ (hyperkalemia), falling Na+ levels (hyponatremia),activation of the renin-angiotensin system
aldosterone acts onDCT and collecting ducts
whereever ..... goes....followssodium, water
the hormone atrial natriuretic peptides(ANP) is caused byelevated blood pressure or increased blood volume
hormone atrial natriuretic peptides(ANP) reducesthirst and BLOCKS the release of ADH and aldosterone
all the effects of ANP result indiuresis,loose fluids in kidneys
edemathe movement of abnormal amounts of water from plasma into interstitial fluid
hyponatremia is a sign ofoverhydration or water excess
if ECF is hypertonicwater moves from ICF-ECF
if ECF is hypotonicwater moves ECF-ICF
effects of loss of body watersevere thirst, dryness and wrinkling of skin, fall in plasma volume and blood pressure
until ICF and ECF are isotonic againosmosis will move water out of the ICF and into ECF
sodium losses occur throughurine and perspiration
when sodium is too lowADH and aldosternone is secreted
when sodium is too highANP is secreted
the rate of tubular secretion of potassium varies in response to what factoraldosterone lovels
increase aldosterone willincrease sodium absorption and potassium secretion
hyperkalemia causescardiac arrhythmias
hypokalemia causesmuscular weakness and paralysis
calcium homeostasis reflects onreserves in bones, rate of absorption in digestive tract, rate of loss at kidneys
parathyroid and calcitriolRAISE concentrations; actions are opposed by calcitonin
hypocalcemiaosteoporosis,muscle cramps, muscle spasms, convulsions
if plasma is below 7.35acidemia, results in acidosis
if plasma is above 7.45alkalemia, results in alkalosis
acidosis can result ina coma, cardiac failure, and circulatory collapse
volatile acidcan leave solution and enter atmosphere
fixed acidsmost acids, produced by the body
organic acidparticipants i n or by-products of aerobic metabolism
bufferscan provide(increases pH) or remove(decreases pH) H+
amino acid/protein buffer systemdepend on ability of amino acids to respond to changes in pH by accepting of releasing H+
in hemoglobin buffer system itabsorb carbon dioxide from plasma, converts into carbonic acid
in hemoglobin buffer system itbicarbonate ion moves into plasma
high levels of CO2 result inlow pH
low levels of CO2 result inhigh pH
CO2 is or isnt an acidis not
CO2 can be converted tocarbonic acid
carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system roleis to prevent changes in pH caused by organic acids and fixed acids in ECF
carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system limitationsonly functions when respiratory and control centers work normal limited by availability of bicarbonate ions
during acidosisbicarbonate ions are released from storage
pulmonary compensation in acidosisincreased respiratory rate gets rid of excess C02 produced
renal compensation in acidosiskidneys secrete and excrete excess hydrogen ions
protein buffers in acidosispick up excess H+
pulmonary compensation in alkalosislower respiratory rate increases carbon dioxide levels
kidney compensation in alkalosiskidneys secreate and excrete bicarbonate ions
protein buffers in alkalosisrelease hydrogen ions
PCO2 risespH fall
PCO2 fallspH rises
stimulation of chemoreceptors leads toan INCREASE in RESPIRATORY RATE
chemoreceptors are stimulate ifhigh CO2 present or acidosis
renal contribution in pH is limited tosecretion of H+ activity of buffers removal of CO2 reabsorption NA+ and HCO3
when alkalosis or high pH developsH+ secretion at kidneys decline tuble cells dont reclaim bicarbonates collectiond system transports HCO3 into tubular fluid releasing acid ino peritublar fluid
metabolic acidosisproduction of large number of fixed or organic acids
hydrogen ions are liberated by what type of acidsfixed and organic
example of impaired ability to excrete at kidneysglomerulonephritis
severe bicarbonate losschronic diarrhea
lactic acidosisstrenuous excercise
ketoacidosislarge quantities of ketone bodies, diabetes mellitus
metabolic alkalosis occurs whenHCO3 concentrations become elevated
metabolic alkalosis symtoms whena person w/ prolong vomiting
what can cause metabolic alkalosisincrease amounts of anti acids
compensations for metabolic alkalosis involvesreduction in breathing rate ,increased loss of HCO3 in urine