| basic requirements of all living organisms | food |
| major components of food | carbs protein n fats |
| what are required in small quantities ? | mineral n water |
| what does food provide us with n for what ? | *energy n organic material
*growth n repair of tissue |
| role of water in our body ? | *metabolic processes
*prevents dehydration of the body |
| what is digestion ? | complex food --------------> simple ABSORBABLE form |
| digestion is carried out by which 2 methods ? | mechanical n biochemical methods |
| the mouth first leads to ? | oral /buccal cavity |
| what does oral cavity contains ? | teeth , tongue |
| characteristics of human teeth | *thecodont
*diphyodont
*heterodont |
| no. of permanent teeth in human adults ? | 32 |
| different type of dentation ? | incisors , canine , premolars , molars |
| dental formula for adults | 2123/2123 |
| dental formula for kids | 2103 |
| hard surface of teeth is made by ? | enamel |
| what does enamel help in ? | mastication of food |
| tongue is attached to floor of oral cavity by ? | fernulum |
| what prevents entry of food into wind pipe ? | epiglottis |
| what is epiglottis made up of ? | cartilaginous flap |
| small projection on tongue that contain taste buds ? | papillae |
| opening of windpipe | glottis |
| shape of stomach ? | J |
| sphincter that regulates opening of oesophagus into stomach ? | gastro-oesophageal sphincter |
| where is stomach located ? | upper left portion of abdominal cavity |
| parts of stomach | cardiac fundus body pyloric |
| which portion opens into small intestine ? | pyloric |
| shape of duodenum | C |
| parts of small intestine | *duodenum
*jejunum
*ileum |
| which part opens into large intestine ? | ileum |
| points on caecum | *small blind sac
*hosts symbiotic microorganism |
| shape of vermiform appendix | narrow finger like tubular projections |
| parts of colon ? | ascending transverse descending n sigmoid |
| which parts open into rectum | sigmoid / descending |
| layers of alimentary canal | *serosa
*muscularis
*sub mucosa
*mucosa |
| serosa made up of ? | *smooth muscles
*thin mesothelium |
| mesothelium ? | epithelium of visceral organs |
| muscularis is made up of ? | smooth muscles arranged into
*inner circular
*outer longitudinal |
| oblique muscles in muscularies r present in which region | stomach |
| sub mucosal layer is formed of ? | loose connective tissues with nerves blood n lymph vessels |
| which region has glands in sub mucosa ? | duodenum |
| what does mucosa form in stomach ? | irregualr folds (rugae) n villi (finger like projections ) |
| which modification increases the surface area ? | brush border appearnce in small intestine |
| what are villi supplied with ? | network of capillaries n lacteals (large lymph vessels ) |
| what does goblet cells of mucosal epithelium secrete | mucus (lubrication) |
| glands by mucosa | gastric gland --- stomach
crypts of lei ----small intestine (crypts r btw villi bases ) |
| the three salivary glands | *parotids---cheek
*sub maxillary/ mandible ---lower jaw
*sub lingual---below tongue |
| weight of liver | 1.2 to 1.5 kg |
| position of liver in the body ? | abdominal cavity just below diaphragm |
| the structural n functional units of liver ? | hepatic lobules |
| each lobule is covered in ? | glissons capsule (thin connective tissue sheath) |
| bile is secreted by ? | hepatic cells |
| bile is stored n conc in ? | gall bladder |
| gall bladder is ? | thin muscular sac |
| what forms the common bile duct ? | cystic duct + hepatic duct |
| bile +pancreatic duct is ? | common hepato-pancreatic duct |
| common hepato pancreatic duct is gaurded by ? | sphincter of oddi |
| where is pancreas situated ? | btw the limbs of c shaped duodenum |
| process of digestion is accomplished by ? | mechanical n chemical process |
| function of buccal cavity | *mastication of food
*facilitation of swallowing |
| function of teeth n tongue ? | with saliva masticate n mix up the food thoroughly |
| fucntion of mucus in saliva ? | lubricating n adhering the masticated food into bolus |
| the act of swallowing | deglutition |
| movement thru which bolus passes down ? | peristalsis |
| components of saliva | *electrolytes(Na , K , Cl,HCO3)
*salivary enzymes
*lysozyme |
| amt of starch hydrolysed by salivary amylase ? | 30% |
| pH level in oral cavity ? | 6.8 |
| role of lysozyme in saliva | antibacterial agent that prevents infection |
| the 3 cells of gastric gland | *mucus neck cell
*peptic or chief cell
*parietal or oxyntic cell |
| mucus neck cell secretes | mucus |
| peptic or chief cells secrete | pepsinogen |
| parietal or oxyntic cell | HCl n intrinsic factors |
| the stomach stores food for ? | 4-5 hrs |
| what is chyme ? | bolus mixed with acidic gastric juice n churned |
| what activates the proenzyme pepsinogen ? | HCl |
| pepsinogen gets converted into | pepsin |
