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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
What is internal respiration?Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level
What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx?1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx
Where are the adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) located?Nasopharynx
Where are the palatine tonsils located?Oropharynx
The larynx is also called the:Voice box
The pharynx and trachea are connected by the _____.Larynx
What is the purpose of the epiglottis?To protect the larynx when swallowing
The trachea is also called the:Windpipe
What is the purpose of cilia in the trachea?To sweep debris upward towards the nasal cavity
The trachea divides into the:Right and left bronchi
Aspirated objects usually enter which bronchus?Right bronchus
What are the most important feature of the respiratory system?Alveoli
Describe the lungs:Large, paired, spongy, cone-shaped
The serous membrane that covers the lungs is called:Visceral pleura
The pleural cavity around the lungs contains what kind of pressure?Negative
The air in the lungs is at ________ pressure.Atmospheric
How much oxygen does room air contain when inhaled?21%
How much carbon dioxide and oxygen does exhaled air contain?16% oxygen, 3.5% carbon dioxide
What is the respiratory rate for a newborn?40 to 60 breaths/min
What is responsible for the basic rhythm and depth of respirations?Pons and medulla oblongata
What do chemoreceptors do?Modify respiratory rates (when stimulated by increased levels of carbon dioxide, decrease blood oxygen, increased blood acidity)
What is the normal Ph of blood?7.35-7.45
After exhalation, the blood becomes more ________.Alkaline
What is the function of the respiratory system?Gas exchange at the alveolus-capillary level
the auscultation of lung field should be compared ________.Bi-laterally
Abnormal breaths sounds are called ________.Adventitious sounds
List some signs and symptoms of hypoxia:Anxiety, restlessness Disorientation Vertigo Pallor Cyanosis
The abdomen and chest can be scanned by a helical CT in less than ___ seconds.30
This type of CT obtains images continuously:Helical
What is vital capacity?The volume of air that can be exhaled completely and slowly after a maximum inhalation
What is used to determine how well oxygen diffusing from the alveoli is taken up by blood in the pulmonary capillary bed?Carbon monoxide
When can a person eat after a bronchoscopy?When the gag reflex returns; usually 2 hours
What does Pa02 represent?The amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma (expressed as millimeters of mercury)
What is the normal value for Pa02?80-100 mm Hg
What does Sa02 refer to?The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin binding sites, compared to the amount of oxygen the hemoglobin could carry, expressed as a percentage
What is the normal range for Sa02 (saturation)95%
What must oxygen do before it can bind to hemoglobin (Sa02)?Dissolve in the blood (Pa02)
What measures the partial pressure of carbon dioxide?PaCO2
What is the normal value for PaCO2?35-45 mm HG
What do the lungs do during metabolic acidosis?"Blow off" carbon dioxide to raise pH
What is the normal value for HCO3?21-28 mEq/L
How are ABG's obtained from the patient?Heparinized needle withdraws 3-5 mL of arterial blood from radial artery
How are the gas and Ph levels preserved after an ABG specimen is taken?Place capped syringe over crushed ice and water; send to lab immediately
What do the kidneys do during respiratory acidosis?Retain HCO3 to increase pH
What do the kidneys do during respiratory alkalosis?Excrete HCO3 to lower pH
What do the lungs do during metabolic alkalosis?Retain carbon dioxide to lower pH
What is a continuous and noninvasive way to monitor Sa02?Pulse oximetry
What are the desired percentages of Sa02?95%-100%
What is the amount of Sa02 needed to replenish tissues adequately?90%-100%
The ability of hemoglobin to feed oxygen to the tissues weakens significantly if the Sa02 drops below ___.85%
What is the underlying cause of epistaxis?Congestion of nasal membranes leading to capillary rupture
Epistaxis occurs more often in which sex?Men
Which vital sign should be obtained in a patient with epistaxis?Blood pressure
Hypotension can be a late sign of _____.Shock
When nasal packing for epistaxis, the cotton should be saturated with:1:1000 epinephrine
Prolonged sinus inflammation can lead to which type of nasal tissue growth?Nasal polyps
What are stertorous respirations?Harsh snoring sounds
Allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis are also known as:Hay fever
Ocular manifestations of edema, photophobia, excessive tearing, blurred vision and pruritis are seen in:Hay fever (allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis)
Otits media symptoms occur when:Eustachian tubes are occluded
Which products might produce a "rebound" effect on those with allergic rhinitis?Over the counter decongestants (Robitussin, Actifed, Triaminic)
What is hypoapnea?Abnormally shallow and slow respirations
What is the function of an nCPAP?To maintain positive pressure in the airway during inspiration and expiration to prevent airway collapse.
Acute rhinitis (coryza) is also known as:The common cold
Signs and symptoms of the common cold resolve within how many days?2-10
What is the greatest cause of absenteeism in work and school?The common cold (acute rhinitis, coryza)
Acute follicular tonsillitis is often caused by which bacteria?Streptococci
Swallowing frequently can be a reliable indication of what?Excessive bleeding
Why are hot liquids and foods avoided after a tonsillectomy?They cause vasodilation, which leads to bleeding
Laryngitis occurs ______ to other respiratory infections.Secondary
What is the most common type of throat inflammation?Pharyngitis
Strep throat is a sever form of _______.Pharyngitis
Signs and symptoms of pharyngitis usually resolve in how many days?4-6
What is a simple way to diagnose sinusitis?Transillumination
Infected sinuses appear ______ during transillumination.Dark
L. pneumophilia thrives in what kind of environment?Water reservoirs
L. pneumophilia is transmitted through ______ routs.Airborne
The Legionella microbe can progress into which 2 forms?1. Influenza 2. Legionnaire's disease
Which disease can result in life-threatening pneumonia that causes lung consolidation and alveolar necrosis?Legionnaire's disease
What kind of cough will a patient with legionnaire's disease have?Nonproductive
What is administered intravenously early in legionnaire's disease?Antibiotics; erythromycin
What is the mortality rate for patients with legionnaire's disease?1 out of 10
What kind of virus causes SARS?Coronavirus
How is SARS spread?Close contact between people, via droplets in the air
An xray may appear normal in the early stages of _______.SARS
Patients with suspected SARS are placed in what kind of isolation?Respiratory isolation
When can a patient with SARS return to work?10 days after fever has resolved, and symptoms are improving or absent
20% of patients with SARS need _______.Intubation
What is the most common type of anthrax?Cutaneous
What is the least common type of anthrax?Gastrointestinal
What is the most deadly type of anthrax?Inhalation
Initial symptoms of inhalation anthrax resemble ________.The common cold; minus thin, clear nasal exudate
What is the treatment of choice for all three types of anthrax?Ciprofloxacin
How long is the recommended course of antibiotics for a patient with anthrax?60 days
What is TB infection?Mycobacteria in the tissue of a host who is free of signs and symptoms; antibodies against mycobacteria are present
How long is treatment for TB?6 to 9 months
Treatment for TB usually consists of a combination of how may drugs?4 drugs; often include isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide
What kind of isolation should a patient with TB be placed in?AFB isolation precautions
AFB precautions include what kind of isolation room?Negative air pressure; air flows into, rather than out of the room
What is pneumonia often caused by?Aspiration of infected materials into the distal bronchioles and alveoli.