| Gross, Surface, Microscopic, Developmental | Levels of anatomy |
| Atoms combine to form molecules | Chemical level |
| molecules combine to form organelles | Cellular level |
| Numerous cells join together to form a tissue | Tissue level |
| Tissues form organs | Organ level |
| Organ system level | One or more organs make up a system |
| Characteristics of organisms | Organisation, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction (OMGRDR) |
| Metabolism | chemical reactions taking place in an organism |
| Purpose of anatomical position | gives point of reference to describe parts of body |
| Supine | person laying face up |
| Prone | person laying face down |
| Sagittal plane | runs vertically down body. left and right portions |
| Frontal plane | runs vertically from right to left. divides in to anterior and posterior. aka coronal |
| Transverse plane | runs parallel to ground. divides in to superior and inferior. aka horizontal |
| Oblique plane | does not run parallel to frontal or transverse plane |
| Body cavities | Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic (and abdominopelvic) |
| Parts of Thoracic cavity | Mediastinum, Diaphragm |
| Mediastinum | divides thoracic cavity. oesophagus, trachea, blood vessels, thymus and heart |
| Subdivisions of abdomen | R and L Upper quadrant, R and L lower quadrant |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Upper R = ? | Right Hypochondriac region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Top centre = ? | Epigastric region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Upper L =? | Left hypochondriac region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Middle R =? | Right lumber region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Centre =? | Umbilical region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Middle L =? | Left lumbar region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. Lower R =? | Right iliac region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. bottom centre =? | Hypogastric region |
| 9 divisions of abdomen. lower L =? | Left iliac region |
| Serous membranes | line the cavities in the trunk of the body and cover organs within the cavities |
| 2 layers of serous membranes | parietal, visceral |
| parietal layer of serous membranes | lines the trunk cavity |
| visceral layer of serous membranes | lines the organs |
| serous fluid | fills the cavity between the two layers and acts as a lubricant between organ and body wall |
| what is serous fluid important for? | reducing friction. organs that move - eg heart |
| heart serous membrane | pericardium |
| lungs and thoracic cavity serous membrane | pleura |
| abdominopelvic cavity serous membrane | peritoneum |
| What is a cell? | structural and functional unit of all living things |
| 4 functional characteristics of cells? | cell metabolism and energy use, synthesis of molecules, communication, reproduction |
| 3 functions of plasma membrane | encloses and supports cellular contents, controls what goes in to cell and what comes out, role in intercellular communication |
| Plasma membrane structure | lipid bilayer, carbohydrates, proteins, glycocalyx |
| what is glycocalyx? | part of plasma membrane structure. outer surface of cell membrane |
| components of glycocalyx | glycoproteins, glycolipids, carbohydrates |
| what is the cytoplasm? | cellular fluid material outside nucleus, but within boundaries of plasma membrane |
| what is found own cytoplasm? | organelles and cytosol |
| what is cytosol? | fluid portion of cytoplasm. ions and proteins in water |
| what are cytoplasmic inclusions? | aggregates of chemicals |
| what is the cytoskeleton? | supports the cell and its organelles. responsible for changes to shape of cell and movement of organelles. |
| Nucleus function | control centre of cell. DNA carries code for structural and functional characteristics of cell. |
| Nucleus structure | Nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus |
| Ribosomes function | sites of protein synthesis |
| Ribosomes structure | 2 subunits -large and small. free ribosomes and membrane bound ribosomes. |
| ER structure | flattened interconnecting sacs and tubules |
| rough vs smooth ER | rough = ribosomes, smooth = no ribosomes |
| Rough ER function | synthesis and modification of proteins |
| Smooth ER function | site of lipid, steroid and CHO synthesis, detoxification of harmful substances, breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| Golgi apparatus structure | flattened membranous sacs with cisternae. A secretory vesicle |
| Golfi Apparatus function | modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids that are made in rER |
| Lysosomes structure | membrane bound vesicles that from at the GA |
| what do lysosomes contain? | enzymes |
| Lysosome function | cells demolition crew. digestion of molecules that are no longer needed by cell |
| Mitochondria structure | outer membrane, inter membrane space, inner membrane, matrix |
| What do mitochondria do continuously? | change shape |
| Which structure reproduces itself? | mitochondria |
| Mitochondria function | power plants of cell. ATP production and supply |
| Centrioles structure | barrel shaped organelles oriented at right angles to each other. wall is composed of microtubules. two centrioles found in centrosome |
| centriole function | cell division |
| cilia structure | whip like, motile cellular extensions which project from outer surfaces of certain cells. |
| Cilia function | movement of substances across surface of cells |
| Flagella structure | similar to cilia but longer. found on sperm cells only. move actual cell itself |
| Flagella function | motility |
| Microvilli structure | extensions of plasma membrane. non motile |
| Microvilli function | increases cell's surface area |
| 5 steps of tissue prep | removal, fixation, embedding, slicing, staining |
| what does haematoxylin stain? | Nuclei |
| what does eosin stain? | not nuclei. other cell structures including cytoplasm |
| what colour does H stain? | purple |
| what colour does E stain? | pink |
| what points should be considered when viewing histological images? | plane tissue has been cut and magnification of the image |
| 4 primary tissue types | Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| epithelial tissue purpose | covers |
| CT purpose | support |
| muscle tissue purpose | movement |
| nervous tissue purpose | control |
| epithelial tissue does what? | covers and protects, forms boundaries between different environments |
| what are the epithelial cell surfaces? | free surface, lateral surface, basal surface |
| is epithelial tissue avascular? innervated? | yes and yes .does have nerve supply, does not have direct supply of blood vessels |
| simple squamous epithelium function | diffusion, filtration, some secretion |
| simple squamous epithelium location | alveoli of lungs, kidney glomeruli, serous membranes |
