| where an organism lives | Habitat |
| Conditions in a habitat | Environment |
| An environment is affected by non-living factors (light, dampness, temperature) | physical environmental factors |
| As conditions change the organisms respond eg nocturnal animals are only active at night | Physical environmental factors change daily |
| Organisms respond to these changes for example in autumn some birds migrate to warmer countries to feed during the winter | Physical environmental factors change seasonally |
| To survive a habitat organisms need resources, an animal needs water, space, food, shelter and a mate to reproduce with
Plants need space, light water and nutrients | Resources |
| All organisms in a habitat form a community | Community |
| The total number of one species in a community | Population |
| Allow organisms to survive a habitat | Adaptations |
| Fish are adapted to living under water they have gills to take oxygen out of water, fins to swim with and streamlined bodies to help them move easily through the water | Give an example of an adaptation |
| Organisms that have better adapted | Which organisms have a better chance or survival |
| Disease can kill organisms
Organisms compete with each other for resources this may cause population of some organisms to decrease
Poison may kill organisms or organisms that they depend on. Some pesticides are persistent and can build up in the animals as you go along a food chain, harming the top predators | What are the factors that affect the size of a population |
| Food chains show what eats what in a habitat. However organisms depend on other organisms in other ways for example many birds depend on trees in which to build nests | Food chains |
| Food chains are joined to form food webs. Food webs can also show omnivores (animals that eat plants and other animals) | Food webs |
| The population of the organisms at each level in a food chain are shown in a food web, usually there are fewer organisms as you go along the food chain because energy is lost at each level (E.g. through movement, keeping warm, in waste minerals) | Pyramid of numbers |
| A group of organisms that can reproduce with one another to produce offsprings that will also be able to reproduce | Species |
| The difference between organisms | Variation |
| Variation that has a continual range | Continuous variation |
| Variation that only has certain values | Discontinuous variation |
| Variation that is caused by the environment | Environmental variation |
| Caused by features being passed from parent to thief offspring during reproduction | Inherited variation |
| Bones and muscles and legs you move | What does the locomotor system consist of |
| Protect some organs (E.g. the skull protects the brain)
Supports your body(E.g. the vertebrae in your “backbone” hold you up straight)
Allow you to move (using muscles at your joints) | Bones are organs that form the skeleton which |
| To width stand knocks and pressure | Why are bones hard |
| So they are easy to move | Why are bones light |
| Containing bone marrow where bold cells are made | Why do bones have a hollow center |
| Muscles cannot push and so bones need pairs of muscles to pull them in opposite directions- one muscle contracts and gets short and fat to pull the bone and at the same time the other relaxes | Antagonistic pairs |
| Muscles are controlled by the nervous system, impulses from the brain travel down the spinal cord and along the nerves to muscles | What are muscles controlled by |
| Muscles have adapted to their function by containing strands that can shorten to produce a pulling force. This requires energy form respiration | How have muscles adapted to their function |
| Are carried to the muscles in the blood. Nutrients are carried in the plasma while oxygen is carried in the red blood cells, blood also contain white blood cells which attack micro-organisms | How are the oxygen and nutrients required for respiration carried |
| Allows air to enter the lungs and carbon dioxide to leave the lungs, so that oxygen can get into the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood. Oxygen for respiration leaves the lungs and enters the blood , carbon dioxide (a waste product from respiration) Leaves the blood and enters the air in the lungs. Carbon dioxide is excreted when you exhale | Explain the bass exchange/ breathing system |
| Breathing is the movement of muscles in your diaphragm and between the ribs, which cause the changes in the volume of the lungs | What is breathing |
| Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs as breathing occurs | What is ventilation |
| Blood is carried to the heart by veins where is enters the chambers of the heart. The blood is then forced back out when the heart muscle tissue contracts . The pumping of the heart can be felt as a pulse | Explain circulation |
| arteries are connected to viens by capillaries, which are blood vessels with very thin walls that allow oxygen and nutrients to leave the to get to the cells in tissues. Carbon dioxide from the cells can easily get into the capillaries | Capillaries |
| Drugs are chemicals that affect how the body works, so,e can damage your organs (E.g. liver), particularly if they are abused. Some drugs are addictive | What are drugs |
| Medicines are drugs that can help people who suffer from diseases | What are medicines |
| Drugs that people take because they like the effect that they have on their bodies (E.g. caffeine and alcohol which are both legal) some are illegal drugs (E.g. heroin and ecstasy) because they have very harmful side effect | Recreational drugs |
| Drugs that slow down your nervous system. It alters behavior and slows reaction times | What are depressants |
| Drugs that speed up the nervous system | Stimulants |
| Animal cell | Draw and label a plant and animal cell |
| 1- keeps the cell together and controls what goes Into and out of the cell
2- control the cell
3-where activities happen, including respiration
4-contains chlorophyll to trap sunlight for photosynthesis
5-made of cellulose and provides support
6-storage space | What are the functions of
Cell surface membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Vacuole |
| Is used to magnify tiny things such as cells | Function of a microscope |
| = magnifications of objective lens * magnification of eyepiece lens | Formula for total magnification |
| 1- the object you look at
2- used to help you see parts of the cell
2- holds object for examination
3-stops specimen drying out
Hold it flat
Stops it moving | What is a
Specimen
Slide
Stain
What is the function of a cover slide |
| A- place the smallest objective lense over the hole in the stage
B- turn the focusing wheel to move the objective lense closer to the stage
C-place the slide on the stage
D- adjust the light source or mirror
E- look into the eyepiece lens
F- Turn the focusing wheel until what you see is in focus | Steps of using a microscope |
| Muscle cells- shape to move things
Fat cells- in animals store fat | What are the special functions in animal cells |
| Root hair cells- take in water
Xylem cells - carry water | What are the special functions in plant cells |
| A group of cells that are the same all doing the same job | Tissue |
| A group of different tissues working together to do an important job E.g. the heart is an organ made of muscle tissue and nerve tissue. Organs have important functions | Organ |
| 1- windpipe, lungs - takes air into the body and gets rid of waste gases
2- heart, blood vessels - carries oxygen and food around the body
3- mouth, gullet, stomach, intestines - breaks down food
4- brain, spinal cord, nerves - carries signals around the body
5- muscles, bones - allows movement | What oragans and job for
Breathing system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Nervous system
Locomotor system |
| Glucose + oxygen ———> carbon dioxide + water
Energy is released (but is not a chemical substance and so it is not shown in the word equation ) | Aerobic respiration word equation |
| Lime water (which turns cloudy)
An indicator (such as hydrogen carbonate) because it is acidic | What can carbon dioxide be detected using |
| Does not require oxygen. In humans it is used to release energy from glucose when more energy is needed than can be supplied by aerobic respiration (E.g. during strenuous exercise) | Anaerobic respiration |
| Number of breaths in one minute | Breathing rate |
| This is because your cells need more oxygen and glucose for respiration | Why does your breath rate and pulse rate increase when you exercise |
| - diaphragm contracts and moves downwards
- rib muscles contract and lift ribs up and downwards
-volume of the chest increases
- lungs expand
- pressure in the lungs is reduced
- pressure outside is now higher than inside the longs so air flows into the lungs | Breathing in inhalation |
| -Diaphragm relaxes and moves downwards
- rib muscles relax and move ribs down and inwards
- volume of the chest decreases
- lungs get smaller
- pressure in the lungs is increased
- Pressure inside the lungs is now higher than outside so air flows out of the lungs | Breathing in exhalation |
| Ventilates | What does breathing do to the lungs |
| - makes arteries narrower and causes heart disease
- can cause cancer, coats lungs reducing surface area, can cause alveoli to break apart
-Stops red blood cells carrying do much oxygen
- stops cilia working so lungs are not cleaned and mucus collects | What harm do these ingredients in smoke cause
Nicotine
Tar
Carbon monoxide
High temp of smoke |
| 1- starch and sugars - for energy (in respiration)
2- blank - for growth and repair
3- vitamin c - for heath
4- calcium - for health
5- blank - for health (help stop constipation )
6- blank - for health (water dissolved substances and fills up cells) | Example and why we need them of
Carbohydrates
Protein
Vitamin
Minerals
Fiber
Water |
| Levels of activity (more active people need more energy)
Age (teenagers need more energy from food than adults)
Gender (boys need more than girls) | The amount of energy a person needs depends on |
| Kilojoules (kJ) | What is the amount of energy measured in |
| Malnutrition | What are starvation and obesity forms of |
| Deficiency diseases such as scurvy (lack of vitamin C) | What are other forms of malnutrition |
| Turns large insoluble substances into small solvable ones | Digestion |
| ... | What are the steps in the digestive system |
| The range of species in an area | What is biodiversity |
| Organisms are interdependent
We won’t be able to make use of organisms if they are extinct
More bio diverse areas recover better from natural disasters | We should preserve bio diversity because |
| Sexual reproduction needs two parents to produce sex cells or gametes. The gamete fuse to produce a Ferris Ed egg cell or zygote. The zygote uses cell division to grow into n embryo, which can grow into an adult and become a parent (completing its life cycle) | Sexual reproduction |
| Inside flowers | Where are reproductive organs contained in plants |
| Pollen is transferred from stamen of one plant to the stigma of a different plant. Can be either by insect or wind. Once on the stigma a pollen grain a pollen tube which enters the ovule containing an egg cell. The nucleus inside the pollen grain joins with the nucleus inside the egg cell to form a zygote. This is called fertilization. The zygote grows into an embryo and the ovule becomes a seed, containing the embryo and a food store | What is cross pollination |
| -brightly colored petals
-scented flowers with nectarines
-sticky stigma to take the pollen off the insects as it goes from plant to plant to feed inside the nectaries | What are the features of a plant that help insect pollination |
| - usually small dull petals on the flower
-no scent or nectaries
- long filaments hang anthers outside of flowers so lots of pollen is blown away
- stigmas are feathery to catch pollen as it’s carried past by wind | What are feature of a plant that help wind pollination |
| Getting pollen to the stigma to make a seed | What is pollination |
| Stamen and stigma | What two organs are involved in pollination |
| 1- brightly colored to attract insects for pollination
2- male parts of the flower, consists of anther, filament and contains pollen grains
3- female parts of the flower, consists of stigma, style, ovary. The ovary contains the female sex cells
4-protects the flower in the bud, found bellow the main petals | What is the function of the following
Petal
Stamen
Carpel
Sepal |
| Seed dispersal, which stops new plants from competing with the parent plants for water, space, light and nutrients | A part of the flower uses a fruit what is that fruit used for |
| -some fruits are eaten by animals and the seeds come out in their faeces(E.g. apples)
-some fruits are carried on the fur of animals (E.g. burdock)
-some fruits are carried by the wind (E.g. dandelions)
-some fruits explode scattering the seeds (E.g. lupins) | What are some ways seeds are dispersed |
| The development of a seed or spore | What is germination |
| Water- allows chemical reactions to start, which breakdown the food store and allows cells in the embryo to swell up
Oxygen- needed for respiration, to release energy from the food store
Warmth- needed to speed up the chemical reactions | What are the resources needed for seeds to germinate |
| The root grows first then the shoot, finally new leaves open and photosynthesis can start in the chloroplast. The glucose from photosynthesis is turned into starch to be stored | How does a plant grow |
| Light, air, water,warmth and nutrients called mineral salts (LAWWN) | What does a growing plant need |
| Pollen is transferred from the stamen to the stigma of the same plant which means 1 parent plant is able to reproduce offspring | Asexual reproduction |
| Some characteristics vary due to environmental factors in an organisms environment. There are living environmental factors (other organisms) and physical factors (non-living) such as the amount of sunlight | Environment variation |
| Offsprings inherit characteristics from their parents and these characteristics vary | inherited variation |
| Genetic information contained in a code in DNA | What are organisms characteristics controlled by |
| James Watson and Francis crick | What scientists discovered the structure of DNA |
| A long molecule of DNA | What does each chromosome contain |
| Certain sections of DNA molecules contain the genetic information | what are genes for kids |
| 23 | How many different types of chromosomes are there in humans |
| Two copies | How many copies of each do most cells have |
| One copy | How many copies do gametes have |
| Zygotes contain the chromosomes from both gametes | Zygotes |
| If conditions in a habitat change, then variation in a characteristic may help some members of a species to survive better than others, imagine a new predator moves into the area in which jack rabbits live, by chance some jack rabbits will have slightly longer hind legs that allow them to run faster. These are the jack rabbits that are more likely to survive and reproduce. So, the next generation of jack rabbits will have slightly more rabbits with longer Hind legs. | Natural selection |
| Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace both came up with the idea that came up with the idea that it is natural selection happening over and over again over a long period of time that causes evolution | Evolution |
| Change in physical environmental factors
Competition from other organisms
Disease
Human activities (hunting, clearing habitats, using poison) | Changes in an ecosystem can cause species to become endangered or extinct this is usually due to |
| Number of species | Biodiversity |
| Protecting areas and setting up nature reserves
Setting up breeding programmed in zoos
Banning the hunting of some animals or the collecting of wild plants
Setting up gene banks(to store parts of organisms such as seeds and gametes) | We can try to stop this happening and preserve biodiversity by |
| Organisms are interdependent
We won’t be abele to make use of organisms if they become extinct
More biodiversity areas recover better from natural disasters | We should preserve bio diversity because |
| Signs of disease | Symptoms |
| Caused by a microbe (E.g. bacteria, single-called protoctist, virus) | Infectious/communicable disease |
| Caused by lack of a nutrient needed for good health: examples anaemia, kwashiorkor | Deficiency disease |
| Caused by a fault in DNA that changes how cells work :examples sickle cell disease, haemophilia | Genetic/ inherited disease |
| How we live can increase the risk of getting these diseases (E.g. smoking or eating unhealthy) can cause lung cancer or heart disease | Lifestyle disease |
| When the body’s immune system attacks and damages cells in the body :example -type 1diabetes | Autoimmune disease |
| Microbes that have a very simple structure, many scientists do not class them as living organisms as they cannot carry out life processes on their own. | What are viruses |
| —— | Draw an label a virus |
| Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs (E.g. eye, ear) | What does the nervous system include |
| 1- Receptor cells in sense organs detect stimuli (change in the surrounding of the body)
2- A receptor cell produces electrical impulses that travel along nerve cells in nerve to the spinal cord, and then usually to the brain
3- The brain processes the information in the impulses
4- The brain sends electrical impulses through nerves in the spinal cord to effectors such as muscles and glands
5- Muscles respond to impulses by contracting; glands respond by releasing hormones | Give the steps of the nervous system |
| Chemical messengers that are released into the blood to be carried around the body | What are hormones |
| By changing the way they work | How do target organs and cells respond to hormones |
| -thyroid gland releases thyroxine that controls the normal rate of respiration in cells
-adrenal gland releases adrenaline that increases heart rate and breathing rate
- sex organs (ovaries and testes) release sex hormones that control body changes during puberty
- pancreas releases insulin that causes muscle and liver cells to take glucose from the blood | Give examples of hormones and target organs and cells |
| Unintended effects that may be harmful | What are side-effects |
| Stage 1- on diseased cells or organs to see how well the medicine affects the pathogen and cells
Stage 2- on animals to see how a whole body reacts to the medicine, without risk to humans
Stage 3- on a few healthy people to make sure the drug is safe and to find general side effects
Stage 4- clinical trial on patients to make sure that drug works, to find the right dose and to check for side effects in different groups. A good trial tests large numbers of patients and assigns patients randomly to test a group or control group, where the control group is given the current treatment or a placebo (which looks like a medicine but contains non) | List the stages that new medicine pass to help people with disease and to limit side -effects |
| When a patient gets better because they think they hav received a medicine, even when they haven’t. It happens because a persons state of mind can affect their body | What is the placebo effect |
| How many organisms there are in an area | What is abundance |
| How organisms are spread out in an area | Distribution |
| Quadrant
Sweep net
Pitfall trap
Light trap | State the types of ecology sampling methods |
| Quadrant - a frame, traditionally square used to isolate a standard unit of area for study of distribution of an item over a large area- suitable for sampling plants, slow-moving animals and some aquatic organism
Sweep net- a finely meshed net, usually with a round mouth, its advantages lie in its simplicity and speed and its ability to collect relatively dispersed insect species on top of vegetation used for sampling insets from vegetation.
Pitfall - a trapping pit for small animals such as insects amphibians and reptiles.
Light trap- insects fly into the light bulb, fall down the funnel and are trapped in the can | Describe how ecology sampling methods work and what they work on |
| Osmosis is a type of diffusion. It is the overall movement of molecules of a solvent through a partially permeable membrane (from where they are more of them to where there are fewer) | Osmosis |
| - places where bones meet
- tissue found inside some bones where new blood cells are made
- connect bones in joints
- connect muscles to bones
- smooth tissue found at the end of the bones, which reduces friction between them.
- muscles work in unison to create movement | Define the following key words
Joints
Bone marrow
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
Antagonistic muscle pair |
| Outer layer of bone - made from strong tissue, makes bones rigid
Inner layer - made from sponge tissue, but still strong | What are the two different types of tissue In the skeletal system |
| 206 | How many bones make up the human skeleton |
| 640 | How many muscles make up the human muscular system |
| Rearrange to force = moment / perpendicular distance | How can you calculate the force applied by a muscle |
| Protection - bone is rigid and tough so it protects delicate organs
Support - provides a rigid frame the rest of the body can “hang off”. All soft tissues are supported by the skeleton allowing us to stand up
Productions of blood cells - many bones have bone marrow inside of them. Bone marrow produces red blood cells (carry oxygen around the body) and white blood cells (fight infections)
Movement - muscles are attached to bones, action of muscles allow skeleton to move, joints also allows the skeleton to move | Explain the function of the skeletal system |
| Antagonistic muscles are pairs of muscles that work against each other. One muscle contracts while the other relaxes. They are attached to bones with tendons. This allows them to pull on the bone, which then acts like a lever. One muscle pulls the bone in one direction and the other pulls in the opposite direction, causing movement at the joint . The bicep and triceps muscles in the arm are examples of Antagonistic muscles. | Explain antagonistic muscles |
| Xxx | Label the structure of a skeleton |
| Photosynthesis | What is the process called where plants make food |
| Carbon dioxide + water — > glucose + oxygen | What is the word equation for photosynthesis |
| -chlorophyll -found in the chloroplast in plant cells
- water- absorbed from soil by roots
- light - absorbed in leaves from sun
- carbon dioxide - diffuses in the leaves from the air | What 4 things does a plant need for photosynthesis |
| By being breached and out to help absorb water from large volumes of soil | How have roots adapted to their function |
| Large surface area to help them absorb water quickly | Root hair cells adaptation |
| Made of hollow cells , where water flows ho to the leaf | Xylem vessels |
| Air containing carbon dioxide diffuses into leaves through small hole called stomata, leaves are thin so that the carbon dioxide does not need to go very far before reaching the cells that need it | Describe how gas exchange including water happens in plants |
| So that they have a large surface area to trap as much sunlight as possible | Why are many leaves wide |
| They are arranged so that they do not shade one another | How are leaves arranged |
| In the pale side cells which are found near the upper surface of leaves | Where does most photosynthesis happen |
| Chloroplasts, chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a free chemical that absorbs energy transferred by light and uses it to power photosynthesis, increasing the amount of light can often speed up photosynthesis | What are paleside cells packed with |
| Glucose + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water | What is the equation for aerobic respiration |
| 1- respiration to release energy
2- making other substances that act as stores of energy (E.g. starch), which can be turned back into glucose for respiration when needed
3- making new materials For growth E.g. cellulose (cell wall) lipids (cell membrane) proteins (enzymes)
To make protein mineral salts called nitrates are needed | What are the three things glucose is used for |
| Land is cleared of hedges and trees- to create more land for crops and make it easier for machinery to move around - destroys habitats, lack of roots can cause soil erosion
Pesticides, herbicides, insecticides are used - to kill pests that compete with or harm crops- can kill useful organisms as well as pests
Fertilizers are used - contain mineral salts that help plants grow and increase yield - can wash into streams and cause pollution so that organisms in water die
Varieties - varieties of plants are chosen the produce the highest yield - the planting of huge areas of a single variety reduces biodiversity | Modern farming methods can cause environmental problems - state what is done - why it is done and problems that cause it |
| When farmers or plant breeders choose or select a plant with certain characteristics. This organism is then used to breed from, the offsprings that have the best of these characteristics are then bred from again , this is how many varieties are created | What is selective breeding |
| When two different varieties are bred together to try to produce offspring with characteristics of both varieties | What is cross breeding |
