| Heart rate problems | Arrthmia |
| Stroke volume problem | Heart failure |
| Volume problems | Renal impairment- diuretics |
| Blood composition issues | Anaemia, immune, anticoagulants |
| High TPR is caused by | Hypertension |
| Poor flow leads to | Angina |
| What controls rate of heart beat | SAN action potentials |
| Stroke volume is determined by | Ventricular sympathetic activity and EDV |
| Issues with SAN signal generation include | Alternate pacemkaers (ectopic) |
| Class II antirhymics are | Beta blockers e.g. propanol (Beta 1 and 2) atenolol B1 |
| What can be used to treat sinus bradycardia and how does the drug work | atropine works by blocking chollinergic PNS receptors |
| How do class 1 antirhymics works | Extend the refractory period by locking fast sodium channels |
| Examples of class 1 antirhymics are | lidocaine and quinidine |
| Class III antirhymics work by | Slowing down repolarisation |
| Class IV antiarrhythmics work by | Slowing down conduction through the AVN |
| Nifedipine and verapamil work by | Blocking L-type calcium channel conduction |
| The calcium block also effects | cardiomyocytes |
| Class V antiarrthmics work by | Blocking the Na+K+ ATPase pump, which makes it harder to reach action potential. |
| Class Vs are also known as | Cardiac glycocides |
| Class Vs also stimulate | ACh vagal release |
| Digoxin is a | Class V |
| Class IV and Class Vs are more useful in | Supraventricular arrythmia |
| What can be used to increase ionotropic effect | cardiac glycocides and sympathomimetics |
| Beta blockers effects | Cardiac- rate and inotropy |
| What type of drugs are Captopril and enlapril | ACE inhibitors |
| Losartan is a | angiotensin II antagonist |
| Thiazides and furosemide is are | Diuretics |
| Nitrates cause | vasodilation |
| Beta blockers cause | Bradycardia which increase EDV and reduced contractility ... reduced load |
| Ca 2+ L-type antagonists cause | Decreased contractility and vasodilation |
| Anticoagulants e.g. aspirin inhibit | inhibit platelet aggregation and clotting |
| Ranolazine | Reduces calcium influx |
| Upright dental chair may increase congestion in the | ventricles by filling them |
