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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
nutrientis a chemical compound or element necessary for good health that is found in food
essential nutrientsare nutrients that the body cannot make in the amounts essential for good health: therefore it is necessary to obtain these nutrients through the diet or from another source
Kilocalories(kcal)is a measurement of energy, much as a pound is a measurement of weight
dietary reference intake (DRI)refers to a set of nutrient-based values for evaluating and planning diets
what is the purpose of DRIsto help individuals optimize their health, prevent disease, and avoid consuming to much nutrient
what does the colored areas on the my plate show or meanshe how much you should eat from the food groups
what are the names of the food platefruit, vegetables, grains, protein, diary
nurses use have basic knowledge of what in promoting nutritionbasic knowledge of nutrition & help patients understand the importance of their diets to encourage compliance
along with the my plate the USDA also suggest whatbalance calories by reducing portions, increase intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; and reduce the amount of sodium and sugary foods in the diet
what must nurses always consider with nutritionthe patients nutritional state and evaluate the patients nutritional history to plan quality patient care
what is good nutritionessential for optimal health throughout all stages of life
what are the six classes of essential nutrientsCarbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
three major functions of nutrient includeproviding energy, building and repairing tissues, regulating body processes
metabolismis the combination of all chemical process that takes place in living organisms
what are the two important facts researchers have found that the body uses nutrientsindividual nutrients have many functions on the body; no nutrients work alone
CHO (carbohydrates)are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
what's the main function of carbohydratesto provide energy
what are carbohydrates made up ofMonosaccharides and disaccharide
Monosaccharides only haveone unit of sugar
Disaccharide are made up oftwo sugar units bonded together
complex carbohydrates are made up of whatlong chains of glucose (sugar) units
the three types of complex carbohydrates arestarch, glycogen, and dietary fiber
glycogen (also called animal starch)is stored from carbohydrates; made from simple sugars and stored in the liver and muscles and used when the glucose level is low
dietary fiberrefers to food that humans cannot break down (digest)
what does insoluble fiber dosoftens stool, speeds transition of foods through the digestive tract, and reduces pressure in the colon
water soluble fiber helps whatlower cholesterol levels and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease
digestion of carbohydrates beginin the mouth with mechanical digestion; chewing of food into small pieces s it can be swallowed
all carbohydrates are broken down wherein the digestive tract into monosaccharides before they are absorbed and eventually converted into glucose
lipidsare organic substances of a fatty nature that are insoluble in water and are necessary for good health
satietya feeling of fullness and satisfaction from food
fast is also a component of whatall cell membranes
saturated fatty acidschemical bounds are filled with completely or saturated with hydrogen ( generally of animal origin and are solid at room temperature)
Unsaturated fatty acidshas one ore more places on its chemical chain in which hydrogen is missing
Hydrogenationis a process in which hydrogen is added to a aft of vegetable origin (unsaturated) to make it more saturated or solid
trans fatty acidsare unsaturated fatty acids that have been completely hydrogenated
Cholesterola lipid belonging to a class of chemical substances called sterols
Cholesterol is a building block forcell membranes and hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
what needs to happen for fat to be digestedmust be emulsified, or broken into smaller globules
lipoproteinsare molecules made of of lipids surrounding by protein
what are the four types of lipoproteinschlymicrons, high-density lipoprotein (HDLs), low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
what does cholesterols found in LDLs increasethe risk of atherosclerosis by contributing to plaque build up on the artery wall
protein providesthe building blocks for blood and bone and they are the structural part of every cell
the human body contains thousands of different protein which areessential for tissue growth, repair and wound healing
the plasma protein aid influid balance within the body
Hemoglobinsa protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body
amino acidsare the building block of protein
a complete proteinis one that contains all nine essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ratio for the body's needs
complete protein are generally of animal origin are found in foods such asmeat, poultry, fish, milk, cheese, eggs, and soy products
incomplete proteinsare those that are lacking one or more of the essential amino acids
Incomplete proteins are of plant origin are found ingrains, legumes, nuts, seeds,
veganexcludes all animal products, and more planning is required to obtain sufficient protein
strict vegetarian also need to include a reliable source ofvitamin B12 in the diet, because vitamin B12 is found exclusively in animal foods
nitrogen balanceis achieved when the amount of nitrogen(protein) taken is equal to the amount of nitrogen excreted in the urine
catabolismInsufficient protein is being taken in and the body is breaking down more tissue that its building
prolonged negative nitrogen balanceeventually can cause atrophy of muscles, as well as poor functioning of all body systems
what the two types of PEM (protein energy malnutrition)marasmus and kwashiorkor
marasmusis a protein deficiency; it involves deficiency of protein as well as all other energy-providing foods; a chronic condition characterized by wasting of body tissue
Kwashiorkora result of severe protein restriction in the presence of calories
vitaminsorganic compounds that are harmful essential in small quantities for normal metabolism and for the growth and maintenance of the body
dietary fat also carries the fat soluble vitaminsA,D,E, and K
excessive intake of of fat soluble vitamins especially A and Dcan lead to toxicity and death
Pernicious anemiaa progressive microcytic megaloblastic anemia
nutrient-dense foodsfoods that contain large amounts of nutrients in relation to kilocalories
what. is the current recommendation to delay or prevent diseaseeating more fruit and vegetables
vitamin c contributes to the healing ofwounds, burns, fractures; it serves as an antioxidant; and is necessary for adrenal gland function
a deficiency of vitamin c can result inbleeding in the bones and joints, easy bone fracture, poor wound healing, and anemia
of all the B-complex vitamins there are three especially importantNiacin-B3, folic acid-B9, cyanocobalamin-B12
why is Niacin (B3) importantin the production of energy from glucose and is involved in the repair of DNA
how can you obtain B3eating meat, poultry, fish, peanuts or enriched whole grain bread and cereal
what is B9( folic acid) used forformation of DNA and proper cell division
how is B9(folic acid) obtainedfolic acid is the synthetic for of the vitamin; folate is water soluble that is found naturally in foods such as spinach, lentils, and garbanzo beans
what is vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) used forplays an essential part in the production of hemoglobin and myelin
mineralsinorganic and are single elements rather than compound similar to vitamins they help regulate bodily functions without providing energy and are essential to good health
how are minerals classifiedmajor & trace
major mineralsare those needed in amounts greater than 100mg/day
major minerals includecalcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, and chloride
trace mineralsare those needed in much smaller amounts less than 100mg/day
trace minerals includeiron, zinc, iodine, selenium, cooper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, and molybdenum
other trace minerals thought to be essential but less known includearsenic, boron, nickel, silicon
calcium functionformation and maintenance of bones and teeth, blood, clotting, nerve conduction, muscle contraction
calcium deficiencyOsteoporosis; weak, and more porous bones, stunted growth in children
Chloride functionfluid and acid-base balance
chloride deficiencymetabolic alkalosis (defined as elevation of the body's pH above 7.45)
Chromium functionMaintenance of normal glucose metabolism
calcium food sourcemilk, cheese, milk products, green leafy vegetables, broccoli, legumes, fish with bones, fortified cereals
Chloride food sourcesalt, processed foods, water supply
Chromium food sourcewhole grains, liver, nuts, cheese
Chromium deficiencyimpaired glucose tolerance, diabetes- like symptoms,
cooper food sourceorgan meats, seafood, nuts, seeds, whole grain, cocoa
Cooper functionNecessary for utilization of iron
Cooper deficiencyanemia, vascular skeletal problems
Fluoride food sourcewater supply, plants grown in fluoride-rich soil
Fluoride functionsincrease tooth resistance to decay, stimulates bone formation
Fluoride deficiencyincreased susceptibility to tooth decay
iodine food sourceiodized salt, seafood, plants grown in iodine-rich soil
iodine functionspart of thyroxin, which helps regulate metabolism, growth, and development
iodine deficiencyGoiter: enlarged thyroid gland, weight gain, skin and hair change Cretinism: mental and physical retardation of fetus
iron food sourceclams, liver, oysters, meat poultry, fish, legumes, whole and enriched grains, fortified cereals
iron functionspart of hemoglobin and myoglobin; necessary for oxygen transport and use in the body; part of some enzymes; energy metabolism
iron deficiencymicrocytic: hypochromic anemia: fatigue, weakness, headache, apathy, pale skin, decreased immune function children: reduce attention span, decreased ability to learn
magnesium food sourcenuts, legumes, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, fortified cereals
Magnesium functionbone mineralization, muscle contraction and relaxation, general metabolism, good pressure regulation
Magnesium deficiencynausea, muscle weakness, confusion, tetany (rare usually caused by other disease states)
manganese food sourcewidely distributed in food; richest in whole grain, food additives; found in almost all foods
Manganese functionsgenera metabolism, formation of bone
Manganese Deficiencydermatitis, reduced bone mineralization, altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
Phosphorus food sourcemilk, meat, poultry, fish, grains, food additives; found in almost all foods
Phosphorus functionsessential component of bone, energy metabolism, acid-base balance
Phosphorus deficiencyrare, but sometimes occurs in patients using aluminum hydroxide antacids
selenium food sourcemeat, poultry, fish, bread, grains, seeds
selenium functionsantioxidant
selenium deficiencyCardiomyopathy
sodium food sourcesalt, processed foods, small amounts in unprocessed foods
sodium functionsfluid and acid-based balance, nerve conduction, muscle contraction
sodium Deficiencycramps, mental confusion, apathy, appetite loss (usually secondary to diarrhea or disease)
sulfur food sourceall foods containing protein
sulfur functionsessential constituent of proteins, metabolism
sulfur Deficiencyonly in severe Deficiency problems with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
zinc food sourcered meat, liver, eggs, seafood, cereal, whole grains, legumes
zinc functionspart in many enzymes involved in metabolism
zinc Deficiencyloss of appetite, growth retardation, skin changes, immune system dysfunctions
myoglobinsimilar to hemoglobin but is found in the muscle tissue and is responsible for storing oxygen in the muscle
iron deficiency anemialack of iron in the body; from inadequate diet; also excessive blood loss, absorption problems, and hemoglobins production problems
what is the claims for vitamins and mineralshelp reduce stress, prevent colds, increase sexuality, increase energy, improve physical performance, and reduce the risk for certain diseases
water providesstructure to body tissue acts as a solvent, and is necessary for most of the bodies chemical processes
what is most vile to lifewater' humans can live longer without food than they can without water
signs of dehydration includepoor skin turgor, flushed, dry mouth, cracked and dry lips, decreased urine output, irritability, and disorientation
hypertensive disorders of pregnancy includeschronic hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and gestational hypertension
what are the there most important substances to avoid during pregnancyAlcohol, caffeine, and nicotine
what is fetal alcohol syndrome characterized byphysical deformities, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems
caffeinecentral nervous system stimulant and a diuretic, can potentially cause nervousness, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, heart dysrhythmias and palpitations
medical nutrition therapythe use of specific nutritional variations to build good health
Therapeutic dietdiet used as a medical treatment
term therapeutic diet is often associated withnutrient modified diets, such as low-fat or Loe-sodium diets
residuebulk in the colon that includes undigested food, fiber, bacteria, body secretions, and cells
what are soft dietsintermediate step when a pt is progressing from a liquid diet to regular diet; generally low in fiber and similar to regular diet; also includes food from all food groups
high fiber dietoften used for treatment of constipation; variation of regular diet
basal metabolic rate (BMR)body uses this energy to maintain necessary, involuntary body functions
when are the bodies energy and protein needs increasedafter surgery, during sepsis, during presence of bone fracture, burns or injuries
high kilocalorie and and high protein diets provide increased amounts bysmall volumes and are sued to help the compromised patient maintain adequate nutritional intake
obesityexcess of adipose tissue or body fat above the level considered healthy
body mass index (BMI)a number calculated by a persons weight and height
body compositionthe percentage of weight that compromise body fat versus lean tissue
what causes obesitythe chronic energy imbalance that results when more energy is consumed than expended
how should obesity be treateda complex, chronic, relapsing disease and the person should be treated with empathy and without prejudice
effective therapy for obesity requiresa lifelong commitment to healthy lifestyle behaviors and addresses the medical and psychosocial aspects of the disease
what should be the goal for obesity treatmentto achieve weight management, not just weight loss
what are some aerobic (oxygen-using) exercises that will help decrease body fatbrisk walking, jogging, cycling, cross country skiing, and cross training
what does psychological intervention in the treatment of obesity includecounseling about self-esteem, body image, body acceptance, and coping with societal pressures
what does pharmacologic therapies include for obesityuse of prescription drugs and and over the counter meds
carbohydrate modified diets are mostly used for whattreatment of diabetes mellitus type 2
insulinhormone produced by the pancreas needed to use glucose
diabetes is a disease that involves whathow well the body uses nutrients consumed
what is the overall goal for people with diabetesthe control and prevention of complications; normal nutrition & dietary modification to control blood glucose and lipid levels
what's different about nutrition for people who have diabetesthe need to monitor more closely and control carbohydrate intake
carbohydrate countingis a meal planning approach that focuses on the total amount of carbohydrates eaten at meals and snacks
dumping syndromecombination of profuse perspiration, nausea, vertigo, and weakness experienced by patients who have a subtotal gastrectomy; symptoms are felt soon after eating, when the contents of the stomach empty to rapidly into the duodenum
lactose intolerancewhen there is a lack of digestive enzyme lactase, absence of lactase, the GI tract is unable to break down lactose, milk
when does the symptoms of lactose intolerance occurs and what are they30 mins to 2 hours after ingestion of milk products; nausea, cramps, bloated feeling, flatulence and diarrhea
what have researchers found with modifying fat in the dietmay reduce the risk of heart and vascular disease by 14% and the risk for some cancers can be reduced as well
low fat diet; and what is it used forlimited amounts of total fat, statured fat, and trans fatty acids; used to prevent and treat atherosclerosis, heart disease and hyperlipemia
atherosclerosisa disorder characterized by buildup of cholesterol and lipids on the artery walls
Hyperlipemiaelevated levels of blood lipids
fat controlled diets are used to treat symptoms ofDiarrhea, steatorrhea, flatulence
fat controlled diets treat diseases of thehepatobiliary tract, pancreas, intestinal mucosa, lymphatic system, malabsorption syndrome
metabolic syndrome is a name for metabolic risk factors that occur together and increase whatcoronary artery disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes,
what are the risk factors for metabolic syndromeAbdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated BP, insulin resistance
what is the goal of treatment for metabolic syndromereduce the risk of heart disease and diabetes
what is cirrhosischronic degenerative disease of the liver in which scar tissue develops and hinders the livers effectiveness in removing ammonia
if ammonia builds up in the in the blood stream and isn't controlled what can it causecan lead to hepatic coma, brain damage, and death
when is sodium restricted diets mostly usedthe treatment of hypertension and heart failure
sodium diets may also used in cases ofwater retention or edema
with CHF, a decrease in sodium intake is necessary toalleviate pulmonary and peripheral edema and reduce the workload of the heart
increased intake of potassium may help withblood pressure control when it is in direct proportion to sodium intake
what does the DASH diet emphasize onthe inclusion of fruit and vegetables as well as low fat or non fat milk products
the American heart association and proponents of the DASH diet encourage whatbalanced sodium/potassium diet & includes fruit, vegetables and low fat dairy
when a person has end stage renal disease potassium might be restricted to what2000mg/day; during renal failure potassium is retained ;which leads to a build up of potassium in the bloodstream
with a fluid modified diet what else is added other than beveragesgelatins, ice cream, sherbet, puddings, popsicles, fruit ices, and soup
in good health how much water should an adult intake a day to maintain hydration2 and 3l of water; in the presence of certain illnesses fluid intake may be restricted
during end stage renal disease and other kidney disease with low urine output fluid is restricted to500-700ml/day (approximately 2-3 cups) plus an amount equal to any daily urine output
fluid restrictions are also common duringCHF, directly after myocardial infarction, hepatic coma, or in the presence of ascites
tube feedingis the administration of nutritionally balanced, liquified foods or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, the duodenum, or the jejunum by the way of a nasogastric tube or ostomy
enteral feedingAdministration of nutrients into the GI tract
tube feeding is only used whenall or part of the GI tract is functioning
Cirrhosis, hepatic coma summary of diet modificationProtein restricted, possible sodium fat, & fluid restriction; no alcohol; vitamin and mineral supplements; mechanical soft diet
dumping syndrome summary of diet modificationcarbohydrate restricted; no concentrated sweets; small, frequent feedings
hypertension summary of diets modificationRestricted calorie to decrease weight; sodium restriction; DASH diet, vitamin/mineral supplement especially calcium, potassium, magnesium; increased fiber
what is the most dependable way to check if a nasogastric tube is in placethrough radiologic confirmation
the second best method to check placement on nasogastric tube isthrough PH measurement
parenteral nutrition (or hyperalimentation)the term used to describe intravenous feedings
total parenteral nutrition (TPN)given through a large central vein; usually refers to administration of a hypertonic solution into the superior vena cava by way of catheter threaded through either the subclavian vein or the internal jugular vein
what are the 6 essential nutrientsprotein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, minerals, water
nutrients are necessary forthe proper functioning of all life processes in the body
lipids perform many functions in the body; they provide the mostconcentrated source of energy all the nutrients can be used directly form the fat in foods or from the adipose tissue
fat is alsoa component of all cell membranes
Monounsaturated food source contributing significant amounts to the dietcanola oil, peanuts and peanut oil, other nuts, avocado
cholesterol is a building block forcell membranes and hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone
LDLs Low-density lipoprotein)are sometimes referred toas carrying bad cholesterol
HDLs (high-density lipoprotein)are sometimes referred tocarrying good proteins
PEM (profetie energy malnutrition)a lack of energy or protein intake