| Branch of biology which deals with the structure, physiology, reproduction, evolution, diseases, economic uses, and other feature of plants. | Botany |
| He wrote the 10-volume book, Historia Plantarum(Inquiry into Plants)
The writing includes plant structure, reproduction, growth, varieties of plants around the world. Woods and wild and cultivated plants.
The uses of plants especially their medicinal uses. | Theophrastus |
| What special feature separates plants from animals? | They can produce their own food throug the process of photosynthesis |
| He is a greek philosopher who compared plant nutrition to animal nutrition | Aristotle |
| The Father of Botany | Theophrastus |
| Identified some variety of plants | Romans |
| During this time, the study of botany is carried out in the monasteries and even gardens by wealthy individuals
16th century, a chief botanical book "herbals" was produced
Often a mixture of observation of plant structure and behaviour of plants, superstitions and mythology of plants.
put emphasis on the studies of edible and medicinal plants and the description of the forms of other plants | Medieval and Renaissance Periods |
| Contains wood cut illustrations of plants that are described in asia and america. | "Herbals" botanical book |
| 17th-18th Century debunked different superstition and mythology of plants in the middle ages. | Modern Period |
| Established some of the principles of platn classification and also named many species of plant. He created scientific naming system. | Carolus Linnaeus |
| A scientific naming system created by Carolus Linnaeus | Binomial Nomenclature |
| Subdisciplines of Botany | Plant Molecular Biology
Plant Biochemistry
Plant Cell Biology
Plant Anatomy
Plant Morphology
Plant Physiology
Plant Genetics
Plant Ecology
Plant Systematics
Plant Taxonomy
Paleobotany |
| A study of the structure and functions of the biological molecules like proteins, nucleic acid, carbohydrate. | Plant Molecular Biology |
| The study of the different chemical interaction of plants including the variety of chemicals that plants produce. The focus here is to understand the cellular respiration and photosynthesis process of plants. | Plant Biochemistry |
| Focuses on the structure, functions, and life processes of our plant cells | Plant Cell Biology |
| Focuses on the microscopic plant structures such as the tissues and cells of plants. Different cells and tissus of plants | Plant Anatomy |
| Focuses on the different structure of plant parts like the leaves, the roots and the stems including the evolution and development of plants | Plant Morphology |
| The study of the photosynthesis and mineral nutrition to understand how plants function. Study how the plants uses photosynthesis and mineral nutrition to make them work. | Plant Physiology |
| Study of the heredity and variations of plants. more on the genes and plant variations | Plant Genetics |
| Studies the interrelationship between plants and their environment. | Plant Ecology |
| A subdiscipline of systematics. Deals with the description, meaning, and classification of plants. | Plant Taxonomy |
| Study of biology and the evolution of plants in the geological past. | Paleobotany |
| What are the characteristics of plants? | 1 Plants are highly organized (composed of building blocks cells)
2 Plants take in and use energy
3 Plants respond to stimuli
4 Plants grow and develop
5 Plants reproduce
6 Plant DNA transmits information from one generation to the next
7 Plant populations undergo genetic changes over time. |
| What is a unicellular plant? | plants which contains a one / single cell |
| What is a multicellular plant? | plants which contains million of cells living in it |
| Examples of unicellular organisms | bacteria, archaea, unicellular fungi, and unicellular protists |
| Examples of multicellular organisms | Animals, plants, and fungi |
| building blocks sequence | atom > molecules > organelles > cells > tissues > organs > organ system |
| What are the two plant energy related activities? | 1 Photosynthesis
2 Cellular Respiration |
| What are the products of photosynthesis | Oxygen and Glucose |
| What happens to cellular respiration after photosynthesis? | The stored molecules will break down in the presence of oxygen and will be converted into energy in the form of ATP (Adrenosine Triphosphate) |
| Does plants respond to different changes in their environment? | Yes |
| Reproduction in plants can be what? | Sexual or Asexual |
| What does asexual reproduction in plants means? | produces plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant because no mixing of male and female gametes takes place. |
| What does sexual reproduction in plants means? | flowering plants involves the production of male and female gametes. Through pollination process |
| Does plants have the ability to adapt to changes in the environment? | Yes |
| Taxa Classifications (General to Specific) | 1 Domain
2 Kingdom
3 Phylum
4 Class
5 Order
6 Family
7 Genus
8 Species |
| Domain consists of | 1 Bacteria
2 Archaea
3 Eukarya |
| Bacterias are heterotrophics, what does that mean? | they obtain food and nutrition from other organisms |
| Bacteria that produce its own food or photosynthetic | Cyanobacteria |
| What is chemosynthetic organism | Primary source of energy comes from chemical reactions of inorganic molecules |
| What is the difference of bacterias and archaeas? | Archaeas can live in extreme environments like dead seas, active volcanoes. |
| What is the Domain Eukarya consist of? | 1 Protista
2 Plantae
3 Animalia
4 Fungi |
| What are protistas/ protozoas? | Algaes |
| Plantae | 1 Multicellular
2 Eukaryotes
3 Photosynthetic
4 Cell wall composed of cellulose |
| Animalia | 1 Multicellular
2 Eukaryotes
3 Heterotrophic
4 move through muscular contraction |
| Fungi | 1 can be multicellular or unicellular
2 eukaryotes |
| Example of a unicellular fungi | yeast |
| Example of a multicellular fungi | mushroom |
| What are the difference of mushroom with other plantae | They do not do photosynthesis.
They are decomposers |
| What is decomposer | They absorb nutrients from dead organisms |
| A cell wall of fungi is composed of what? | Chitin |
| Corn classification | domain eukarya
kingdom plantae
phyla anthophyta
class
order
family poaceae
genus zea
species mays |
| Eukaryote and Prokaryote comparison | Eukaryote and Prokaryote comparison |
| Used for attachment
long filamentous polymeric protein structures located at the surface of bacterial cells. They enable the bacteria to bind to specific receptor structures and thereby to colonise specific surfaces. | Fimbriae |
| used for locomotion
hairlike structure that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotion in the cells of many living organisms | Flagella |
| The living surface membrane of a cell that acts as a selective barrier to the passage of materials into and out of the cell | Plasma membrane |
| What is the function of plasma membrane | regulates what can enter or what cannot enter inside a cell |
| the solute is lower than the normal amount outside
-when the concentration of
dissolved substances is greater inside the cell than the outside.-
this will make a cell swell and burst | hypotonic |
| The solute is higher in the outside environment compared to inside the cell
-a cell without a cell wall will lose water to the environment-
it can shrink the cell | hypertonic |
| The plasma membrane is composed of | Phospholipid Bilayer |
| Passage of Materials | Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport |
| In order for other substances to enter the plasma membrane, they need what? | carrier proteins |
| the net movement of molecules from an area where they are at a higher concentration to areas where they are at a lower concentration | Diffusion |
| passage of water from a higher concentration water to lower concetration of water to a selectively permeable membrane
-simply defined as the
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.- | Osmosis |
| Protein carriers helped move substances from high to low concentration | Facilitated diffusion |
| Uses ATP or cellular energy in order to move the substances from lower to higher concentration. Substances carried are sodium | Active Transport |
| support and protect plant cell while providing passage routes of water and dissolve materials to enter and exit. provides strenght to the entire plant
A comparatively rigid supporting wall exterior to the plasma membrane in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and certain protists. | Cell Wall |
| A cellular organelle that contains DNA and serves as the control center of the cell | Nucleus |
| Chromatine combined with histone | chromosomes |
| a cellular organelle that is the site of protein synthesis.
Formed when DNA undergoes Transcription process | Ribosomes |
| Plastids that have photosynthetic function
convert light energy from sun to chemical energy
contains thylakoid and stroma | Chloroplasts |
| membraneous stacks of thin, flat circular plastes; stack of thylakoids is called granum | thylakoid |
| a jellylike fluid where grana is embedded; contains enzymes that catalyzes the chemical reactions of photosynthesis | stroma |
| types of plastids | 1 chroloplasts
2 leucoplasts
3 chromoplasts |
| colorless plastid that form and stores starch, oils, proteins.
found in seeds, stems, roots | leucoplasts |
| contains pigment that provides yellow, orange and red colors to certain flowers and also to ripe fruits
formed from chloroplasts, when chlorophyll breaks down | chromoplasts |
| an intercellular organelle associated with respiration; provides the cell with ATP.
cellular respiration happens here.
convert chemical energy in food molecule to ATP
parts: Cristae and Matrix | Mitochondria |
| Produces protein and lipids
An organelle composed of an interconnected network of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells
Synthesizes the membranes for various organelles throughout the cell, including nuclear envelope and golgi apparatus | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Serves as a factory for processing and packaging proteins and polysaccharides
An organelle composed of a stacked flattened membranous sacs that modifies, packages, and sorts proteins that will be secreted or sent to the plasma membrane or other organelles | Golgi Apparatus |
| help maintain its shape by making it turgid. stores water.
a fluid-filled, membrane-bound sac within the cytoplasm that contains a solution of salts, ions, pigments, and other materials | Vacuoles |
| network of fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm and provides structure to a eukaryotic cell | Cytoskeleton |
| A special structure that moves the chromosomes during cell division (mitosis&meiosis)
visible only when a cell undergoes cell division | Microtubules |
| a movement of cytoplasm within the cell | cytoplasmic streaming |
