| Difference between animal and plant cell | plants cells have cell wall, starch grains and chloraplast and vacuole |
| Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells differences | pro= no membrane bound organelles
-70s ribosomes
- circular dna
-plasmids
-flagella |
| Function of the nucleus | Contains DNA which codes for proteins |
| Function of chloraplast | Carries out photosynthesis to produce glucose |
| Mitochondria function | carries out aerobic respiration which releases energy in the form of ATP |
| Function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum | synthesises fats and transports fats around the cell |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum FUNCTION | protein synthesis and transports to golgi body |
| function of the golgi body | to modify and package proteins producing vesicles and lysosomes |
| lysosomes are | digesting enzymes |
| Ribosomes | carry out protein synthesis |
| Steps of centrifugation | 1. grind cell to break it
2. blend with a cold isotonic buffer solution
3. filter to remove cell debris
4. centrifuge spin
5.increases speed for next pellet |
| Roles of the cold isotonic buffer solution | cold- prevents enzyme action
isotonic - prevents osmosis
buffer - maintains ph so no denaturing |
| The levels of pellets in a centrifuge | Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
endoplasmic
ribosomes |
| A light microscope | -alive or dead organisms
-2d
-small cells
thick or thin samples
long wavelength of light so less resolution |
| Scanning electron microscope (ing-bouncING) | electrons bounce
dead
thin samples
3d |
| Transmisson electron microscope | electrons pass
dead
thin samples
2d |
| levels of size of measurements | mm -----> micrometres -----> nanometres
x1000 ------------------------ x1000 |
| equation for magnification | m= o/a |
