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level: Physiology

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Physiology

QuestionAnswer
The absorption of phosphorus takes place in:duodenum
The absorption of phosphorus is optimal at the Ca/P ratio of:1/1
In youth, the plasma concentrations of phosphorus are:higher than in adults
The Ca/P ratio in birds is found between:3/1 – 3.5/1
One of the roles that phosphorus does NOT play in the body is:contributes to the nervous in flux formation
In regulating the phosphorus concentration in the blood, the parathyroid hormone has hyperphosphatemia effect through:phosphates mobilization from bones
The absorption of iron is stimulated by:hydrochloric acid
Through its enzymes (salivary amylase), saliva triggers the digestion of certain food substrates such as:starch
The excretion of iron is done by:digestive pathway
Blood phosphorus is:inorganic and organic phosphorus
The hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice is produced by:the parietal cells of the gastric glands
The two ions of HCl are produced by:the same cell
In the synthesis of HCl by the gastric glands, the hydrogen ions in the HCl structure come from:carbonic acid intracellular dissociation
Carbonic acid is synthesized in the parietal cells of the gastric glands under the control of:carbonic anhydrase
The species that has the most alkaline pH of the saliva along with a higher bicarbonate and phosphate concentration than that of the blood serum at this level is:ruminants
The hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice has digestive roles. Among its roles DOES NOT count:activation of trypsinogen to trypsin
The count:activation of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin
The activation of pepsinogen in pepsin occurs:on contact with the acidic gastric contents
The activation of pepsinogen consist of:cleavage of the pepsinogen molecule to active pepsin and removal of an inhibitory peptide residue
Under the general name of zymogens are known:the digestive proenzymes activated in the lumen of the digestive tract
The HCl secretion is stimulated by:acetylcholine
The HCl secretion is stimulated by:gastrin
Parietal cells from the gastric glands secrete:hydrochloric acid
The amount of gastric juice produced daily in the horse can reach:30L
The pyloric glands secrete the hormone called:gastrin
Intra gastric coagulation of milk is produced by:pepsin in adult animals, lab ferment in infants
The specificity of pepsin lies in the fact that it:answers a and b are valid hydrolyses the peptide chains of the aromatic amino acids hydrolyses the peptide chains of the carboxylic amino acids
The optimal pH of action for pepsin is:very acidic (1.5–3)
Renin from the gastric juice participates in:proteins digestion in infant animals
Renin from the gastric juice is a:endopeptidase
The main hormone that contributes to the regulation of gastric juice secretion in the gastric phase is:gastrin
The main hormone that contributes to the regulation of gastric juice secretion in the cephalic phase is:gastrin
Gastrin is a hormone produced by the:G cells from the gastric mucosa
In the digestive secretions, the role of the gastrin consist of:stimulation of the hydrochloric acid
Gastrin secretion is inhibited by:acidic pH
Enterokinase has the following role:catalyses the transformation of trypsinogen into trypsin
The secretion of the Brunner glands has the following qualities, except the fact that it is:a secretion rich in digestive enzymes
Enterokinase is produced by:the Liberkuhn cells
Which are the three gastric secretion phases?cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
The presence of maltase is a characteristic of:the intestinal secretion
Aminopeptidases have as a specific substrate:peptides
Carboxypeptidases have as a specific substrate:peptides
Trypsinogen:represents the inactive form of trypsin
Most intestinal enzymes exert their action within:membrane digestion
In species with a small capacity gallbladder, it has only role in:regulator organ of the exhaust pressure
During the period of digestive absorption, the liver and peripheral tissues metabolic processes are directed predominantly towards:storage of the nutrients from the intake
During the period of digestive absorption, the liver:retains the excess of blood glucose and converts it into glycogen and triglycerides
At a pH between 6 – 8, the activation process of the trypsinogen:becomes autocatalytic
The pancreatic enzyme for digesting carbohydrates is pancreatic amylase, which hydrolyses:answers a and b are correct starch/ glycogen
Chylomicrons and low-density lipoproteins in the blood release fatty acids into the peripheral tissues, the process being controlled by:insulin
The total amount of glycogen that can be stored in the liver is limited to:maximum10% of the liver’s weight
The liver cannot take over and store the entire amount of glucose absorbed in the form of glycogen. That is why the body also possesses other mechanisms for taking over glucose excess. Such a mechanism is:the synthesis of fatty acids
The bile pigments, bilirubin and biliverdin:don’t have digestive functions
Of the total amount of amino acids absorbed, reached from the portal circulation into the liver, pass into the systemic circulation about:23%
Serum proteins fulfil many functions. One of the functions that is NOT fulfilled by these proteins is:constitutes source of amino acids for the synthesis of extrahepatic proteins
The most important stimulus for causing the gallbladder contractions is the hormone:cholecystokinin
The primary function of the small intestine is to:absorb nutrients and their digestive products into the blood
The key hormone that plays a role in initiating the mechanisms of conversion of amino acids that come from the digestive absorption into glucose is:glucagon
In the case of a balanced intake of carbohydrates and proteins, increased aminoacidemia stimulates both insulin and glucagon secretion. Intense glucagon secretion plays the following role:Counteracts the effects of a postprandial hyperinsulinemia by priming the gluconeogenic mechanisms
One of the disadvantages of storing energy in the form of lipids is the fact that:fats, being insoluble in water, require special forms of blood transport
The bicarbonate ions from the intestinal mucus have an important role in:neutralizing the hydrochloric acid entering the duodenum from the stomach
The bile salts emulsifying function on the lipids is possible due to the fact that:the bile salts decrease the surface tension of the particles
In the liver, glucagon:stimulates glycogenolysis
The mobilization of amino acids from the muscles is stimulated to a large extent by:absence of insulin and presence of cortisol
Bile salts, by breaking down fat globules into smaller droplets in a process called emulsification, enhance the digestive action of:lipase
The proteolytic digestive enzymes when are first synthesized in the pancreatic cells, they are:in the inactive forms trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypolypeptidase
The metabolic dominant of the adipose tissue in the post absorbent phase of digestion is:mobilization of fatty acids
The fatty acids released from the adipose tissue into the blood, in order to be transported:are reversibly bound to albumins
In order to be activated the pepsinogen must come in contact with:hydrochloric acid
In long periods of undernutrition or in complete starvation, the body uses for the production of energy mainly:fatty acids and ketone bodies
The gastric enzymes are: a. b. pepsin, trypsin and lipase c. pepsin, trypsin and amylase d. trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase e. amylase, lipase and pepsinpepsin, rennin and lipase
The gastric juice is secreted continuously. Control of the gastric secretion is achieved through:neuronal and humoral (hormonal) mechanisms
Propionate is an important glucose precursor in ruminants. In ruminants, propionate comes from:ruminal absorption as volatile fatty acid
Ruminants also ensure glucose storage by protecting its metabolic degradation by the fact that:fatty acids are synthesized from acetate
Ruminants are permanently in a potential state of deficiency of:glucose
The cephalic phase of the gastric secretion occurs:before the food enters the stomach
The pancreatic juice is mainly composed of:enzymes and sodium bicarbonate
The ammonia resulting from amino acid deamination is eliminated from the body in the form of:urea
Muscle mass reacts to energy demands by:amino acids mobilisation
The water requirement of farm animals is directly proportional with:body surface
Water plays many roles in the body. One of the roles that it doesn’t fulfil is:solvent for ingested fats
The synthesis of most of the ketone bodies in the lipid metabolism is performed in:liver
Regulating calcium metabolism involves controlling the movement of calcium between the extracellular fluid and the following body structures:bone, gastrointestinal tract and kidneys
Increased blood calcium concentration by about 10% causes immediate increase of the secretion of:calcitonin
The hormone that stimulates osteoclast activity and the renal calcium reabsorption is:parathormone
The intestinal phase of gastric juice secretion regulation is triggered by:the food entering into the duodenum
The main pancreatic enzyme involved in the digestion of the ingested fats is:lipase
The inhibitory role of secretin on the secretion of gastric juice is exercised by:answers a and b are correct: it acts directly on the main cells that secret gastric juice / it acts on the G cells that secret gastrin
One of the following hormones has no inhibitory effects on the gastric juice secretion:gastrin
In connection with the regulation of gastric juice secretion, atropine injection in dogs causes:inhibition of the gastric juice secretion
The composition of the bile consists of:all the answers are correct
The enzyme that stimulates the carbonic acid synthesis required for the production of pancreatic sodium bicarbonate is:carbonic anhydrase
The pancreatic juice contains many proteases. One of the proteases that it does not contain is:pepsin
The notion of zymogen is synonymous with that of:proenzyme
Activation of trypsinogen in the pancreatic juice is accomplished by:answers a, b and c are correct trypsin/ autocatalytic/ enterokinase
The activation of chymotrypsinogen consists of:removing some peptide fragments from its molecule structure
Intra-intestinal coagulation of milk is accomplished by:chymotrypsin
The regulation of bile secretion is done through a mechanism:positive feedback
The hormone with the main choleretic role is:gastrin
In which of the following digestive secretions the bicarbonate cannot be found:gastric juice