Biologie Kapitel 5-6
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Work | Capacity to bring about change in a defined system |
| Potential energy | Energy stored in any system as a consequence of its position |
| Kinetic energy | System possesses as a consequence of its state of motion |
| Chemical energy | Potential stored in atoms because of their position in relation to other atoms |
| Kinetic energy | Mechanical, electrical, light, heat energies |
| Heat energy | Portion of total energy of a particle that can flow |
| Energy can neither be created nor destroyed | First law of thermodynamics |
| The entropy of any isolated system always increases. | Second law of thermodynamics |
| Entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. | Third law of thermodynamics |
| Capture, store and use energy | To counteract the effects of the second law cells must.... |
| Catabolism | The linked chain of energy -producing reactions that release chemical energy |
| Catabolism | Process of breaking down complex biomolecules |
| Anabolism | Creation of complex biomolecules from organics compounds |
| Oxidation | Loss of molecule, atom or ion |
| Reduction | Gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion |
| Oxidation and reduction | Redox reactions that are complementary reactions |
| Enzymes | Bio catalysts that speed up reactions w/o being changed |
| Substrates | Reactants that bind to the active site of an enzyme |
| Induced fit model by Daniel Koshland | Theory:when the active site on the enzymes makes contact with the proper substrate, the enzyme molds itself to the shape of the molecule |
| Metabolic pathway | Orderly sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
| Phenylketornuria | A condition caused by the failure of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) |
| BMR basal metabolic rate | Rate at which the energy the body uses when the subject is resting |
| Photosynthesis | Metabolic pathway that transforms light to food(sugar) |
| Photosynthesis | Making sugars from CO2 and H2), generates oxygen as by-product |
| Cellular respiration | Process of releasing energy from food molecules |
| Energy carriers (ATP) | Organic molecules that receive, store, and deliver energy in a cell |
| ATP --> ADP | Can release energy when it loses a terminal phosphate |
| Chlorophyll, chloroplast | Light reactions begin when _____ in the internal membranes of the ____ absorb blue and red wavelengths |
| Glycolysis | Enzyme-catalyzed reactions break sugar molecules into smaller molecules, generating ATP |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | Membrane-bound protein complexes remove electrons and protons from NADH in an oxygen-dependent process |
| Photons | Massless particles like waves that carry a fixed amount of energy |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | Photon energy is measured in wavelengths and covers a broad span known as the |
| Stomata | Pores located on the leaves that regulated pores open to enable entry of carbon dioxide, |
| Chlorophyll | Absorbs light energy which drives synthesis of energy carriers |
| Thylakoid membrane, antenna complexes | The____ studded with patches of pigment-protein complexes, known as____ that absorb light in a range of wavelengths. |
| Electron transport chain | High-energy electrons from the PSII reaction center are transferred to |
| ETC | Series of electron-accepting molecules that pass electrons from one to another, giving off small amounts of energy; energy released by the long ETC generates ATP. |
| ATP synthase | Permits accumulated protons to rush back into the stroma, releasing energy to drive/format ATP |
| The proton gradient | The product of the electron transport chain. A higher concentration of protons |
| The calvin cycle | Series of Enzyme-Driven Reactions That Manufacture Sugars |
| Carbon fixation | Synthesizes sugars from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Rubisco | Catalyzes the first step in carbon fixation: the linking of a 5-carbon acceptor molecule |
| Rubisco | Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase |
| Pyruvate | Enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert glucose to a 6-carbon intermediate, which is then broken down to G3P, then converted into..... |
| Anaerobic | Glycosis does not require oxygen, which makes it |
| Fermentation | Begins with glycolysis, followed by postglycolytic reactions whose only role is to help perpetuate glycolysis. |
| Fermentation | Converts pyruvate into an alcohol (ethanol), releasing CO2 gas. |
| Aerobic | Oxygen dependent processes |
| Photosystem 1 | Second system in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae, plants, and some bacteria. it is an integral membrane protein complex that uses light energy to produce the high energy carriers ATP and NADPH. |
| Photosystem 2 | First protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. |
| Photorespiration | A respiratory process in many higher plants by which they take up oxygen in the light and give out some carbon dioxide |
| CAM | Crassulacean acid metabolism |
| CAM | Carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions |
| CAM plant | A plant where the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect CO2 |
| Carbon fixation, reduction phase, carbohydrate formation, and regeneration phase. | The Calvin cycle has four main steps: |
| Conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms. | Carbon fixation (photosynthesis) |
| Reduction phase | 3-phosphoglycerate first gains a phosphate group from an ATP molecule (which is converted to ADP). The molecule is then reduced by NADPH (which is converted to NADP+ and H+) in a reaction that releases a phosphate group. |
| Carbohydrate reformation | CO2 being re-purposed and reformatted into different molecules |
| Regeneration phase | All adp and phosphate, and G3P |