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Anatomy of the Nervous System Ch3 - Details

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Nervous system including the skull and spine

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Nervous system outside of skull and spine

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Part of PNS that interacts w external enviro

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Carry sensory signals from senses TO CNS - A-way to internal

Afferent nerves

Carry motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles - E-nternal to outside

Efferent nerves

Part of PNS that regulates body internal enviro

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Nerves that prep body for fight or flight

Sympathetic nerves

Nerves that relax body & inhibit or slow high energy functions

Parasympathetic nerves

Project from brain but part of PNS, sensory & motor fibres

Cranial nerves

Three protective membranes around CNS

Meninges

Tough membrane, outer of meninges

Dura mater

Immediately inside of Dura Mater (spider-web like)

Arachnoid membrane

Space beneath arachnoid membrane (contains large blood vessels & cerebrospinal fluid)

Subarachnoid space

Innermost membrane adheres to CNS

Piamater

CSF fluid protecting CNS

Cerebrospinal fluid

Small central channel that runs the length of the spine

Central canal

Produces cerebrospinal fluid; network of capillaries

Choroid plexuses

Stops big particles enter brain by special light packed cell structure in cerebral blood vessels

Blood-brain barrier

Four large internal brain chambers & cerebral blood

Cerebral ventricles

Cells that are specialised for electrochemical signals

Neurons

Neuron w more than 2 processes extending from the cell body

Multipolar Neuron

A neuron with one process extending from its cell body

Unipolar neuron

A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body

Bipolar neuron

Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all; their function is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals from one structure to another

Interneurons

Cell bodies in the CNS

Nuclei

Cell bodies in the PNS

Ganglia

Bundles of axons in the CNS

Tracts

Bundles of axons in the PS

Nerves

Are non-neuronal cells in the CNS and PNS that do not produce electrical impulses. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons.

Glial cells

Glial cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

A fatty insulating substance

Myelin

Forms to increase speed and efficiency of axonal conduction in the CNS

Myelin Sheaths

Glial cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the PNS

Schwann cells

A class of glia. smaller than other glial cells; respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells and triggering inflammatory responses

Microglia

A class of glia. the largest glial cells. they are star-shaped. The extensions of some cover the outer surfaces of blood vessels that course through the brain; they also make contact with neurons and play a role in allowing the passage of some chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and in blocking other chemicals and they have the ability to contract or relax blood vessels based on the blood flow demands of particular brain regions

Astrocytes

A silver staining technique that is used to visualize nervous tissue under light microscopy. The method was discovered by Camillo Golgi, an Italian physician and scientist. commonly used when the overall shape of neurons is of interest

Gogli stain

Developed by Franz Nissl, a German psychiatrist, in the 1880s.Cresyl violet and other Nissl dyes penetrate all cells on a slide, but they bind effectively only to structures in neuron cell bodies. They often are used to estimate the number of cell bodies in an area, by counting the number of Nissl stained dots

Nissl stain

A neuroanatomical technique that provides information about the details of neuronal structure. Greater detail is obtained by first coating thin slices of neural tissue with an electron-absorbing substance that is taken up by different parts of neurons to different degrees, then passing a beam of electrons throughthe tissue onto a photographic film

Electron microscopy

Are used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area. The investigator injects into the area chemicals that are taken up by cell bodies and then transported forward along their axons to their terminal buttons. After a few days, the brain is removed andsliced; the slices are then treated to reveal the locations of the injected chemical

Anterograde tracing methods

Used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area. The investigator injects into the area chemicals that are taken up by terminal buttons and then transported backward along their axons to their cell bodies. After a few days, the brain is removed and sliced; the slices are then treated to reveal the locations of the injected chemical

Retrograde tracing methods

Means toward the nose end; rostral

Means toward the tail end; caudal

Posterior

Means toward the surface of the back or the top of the head

Dorsal

Means toward the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head

Ventral

Means toward the midline of the body

Medial

Means away from the midline of the body towards the outer surfaces

Lateral

Used to refer to the top of the primate head

Superior

Used to refer to the bottom of the primate head

Inferior

Close/ in regards to the PNS means closer to CNS

Proximal

Far/ in regards to the PNS means further from the CNS

Distal

Brain cut in half along the horizontal plane

Horizontal sections

Brain cut in half along the frontal plane (up and down)

Frontal sections

Brain cut in half along the sagittal place (in center down the middle)

Sagittal sections

A section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure, such as the spinal cord or a nerve

Cross section

An inner H shaped core composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

Gray matter

Surrounding area of matter composed largely of myelinated axons

White matter

The two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter

Dorsal horns

The two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter

Ventral horns

A cluster of neurons (a ganglion) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve. The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located here

Dorsal root ganglia

The other four divisions of the brain other than telencephalon;the stem on which the cerebral hemispheres sit

Brain stem

Medulla; brains stem

Myelencephalon (meddula)

A complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem from the posterior boundary of the myelencephalon to the anterior boundary of the midbrain. It is so named because of its netlike appearance. involved in a variety of functions—including sleep, attention, movement, the maintenance of muscle tone, and various cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory reflexes

Reticular formation

Houses many ascending and descending tracts and part of the reticular formation. These structures create a bulge, called the pons, on the brain stem’s ventral surface. The pons isone major division; the other is the cerebellum (little brain)

Metencephalon

(Latin for "bridge") is part of the brainstem, and in humans and other bipeds lies inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum

Pons

Large, convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface; an important sensorimotor structure

Cerebellum

The portion of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain and the forebrain. A number of nerve tracts run through it that connect the cerebrum with the cerebellum and other hindbrain structures

Mesencephalon

The dorsal surface of the midbrain; is composed of two pairs of bumps, the colliculi (little hills).

Tectum

Two pairs of bumps- the posterior pair which have an auditory function

Inferior colliculi

The anterior pair of colliculi which have a visual-motor function, specifically to direct the body’s orientation toward or away from particular visual stimuli

Superior colliculi

The division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum. In addition to the reticular formation and tracts of passage, it contains the periaqueductal gray, the substantia nigra, and the red nucleus

Tegmentum

Is the gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct. has role in mediating the analgesic (pain-reducing) effects of opioid drugs.

Periaqueductal gray

The duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles located in the tegmentum

Cerebral aqueduct

Is a melanin-containing (pigmented) nucleus in the ventral midbrain, and it consists of dopaminergic neurons

Substantia negra

A structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination

Red nucleus

Composed of two structures: the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Diencephalon

The large, two-lobed structure that constitutesthe top of the brain stem. One lobe sits on each side of the third ventricle, and the two lobes are joined by the massa intermedia, which runs through the ventricle.

Thalamus

The structure which runs through the ventricle that connects the two lobes of the thalamus

Mass intermedia

Nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them, and then transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex

Sensory relay nuclei

Important relay stations in the visual systems

Lateral geniculate nuclei

Important relay stations in the auditory systems

Medial geniculate nuclei

Important relay stations in the somatosensory systems

Ventral posterior nuclei

Located just below the anterior thalamus. It plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors (e.g., eating, sleep, and sexual behavior). It exerts its effects in part by regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which dangles from it on the ventral surface of the brain

Hypothalamus

A small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions and general wellbeing. It is referred to as the body's 'master gland' because it controls the activity of most other hormone-secreting glands.

Pituitary gland

The point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together. The X shape is created because some of the axons of the optic nerve decussate via the optic chiasm

Optic chasm

Cross over to the other side of the brain

Decussate

Projecting from one side of the body to the other

Contralateral

Staying on the same side of the body

Ipsilateral

Considered to be part of the hypothalamus, are a pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, just behind the pituitary.

Mammillary bodies

The largest division of the human brain, mediates the brain’s most complex functions. It initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving

Telencephalon

The layer of tissue which covers the cerebral hemispheres. Because it's mainly composed of small, unmyelinated neurons, it is gray and is often referred to as the gray matter

Cerebral cortex

The large furrows in a convoluted cortex

Fissures

The small furrows in a convoluted cortex

Sulci

The ridges between fissures and sulci

Gyri/ gyrus

The largest of the fissures that almost completely separates the cerebral hemispheres

Longitudinal fissure

The tracts that directly connect the cerebral hemispheres

Cerebral commisures

The largest cerebral commissure

Corpus callosum

One of the deepest grooves on the surface of the cerebrum. It separates the frontal and parietal lobes of each hemisphere

Central fissure

One of the most prominent features of the human brain; is a deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.

Lateral fissure

The part of the brain that controls important cognitive skills in humans, such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behaviors located at front top of brain

Frontal lobe

Positioned behind the frontal lobes and above the temporal lobes. These lobes are important to the function and processing of sensory information, understanding spatial orientation and body awareness.

Parietal lobe

Anatomy of the Nervous System Ch3

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