bio final chapter 47 - Details

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- Conservation Biology

Studies all aspect of biodiversity with the goal of conserving natural resources for this generation and all future generations.

- Bioinformatics

The collecting of , analyzing of and making readily available biological information using modern computer technology .

- Genetic diversity

Genetic variation among the members of a population,( the higher it is the higher the chance of survival)

- Community diversity

Dependent on the interaction between species in a community( how much each specie depends one each other)

- Landscape diversity

Involves studying landscape interactions, a landscape is a group of interacting ecosystems

- 3 direct value of biodiversity

1. Medicinal value (from plants , animals , fungi) 2. Agricultural value (crops such as wheat, corn and rice have been derived from wild plants that were modified to increase their yield) 3. Consumptive (the harvesting of animals and fish is such as tuna, use of bee products such as honey and beeswax)

- 6 indirect value of biodiversity

1. Biogeochemical cycles (We depend on the cycles for freshwater, the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and the uptake of nitrogen in the soil and the provision of phosphates) 2. Water recycling (the decomposition of dead organic material and waste products, aids humans) 3. Provision of freshwater (humans need fresh water for drinking and irrigating crops, such as rivers and lakes provide large diversity of species we also use as food resources) 4. Prevention of soil erosion (tact ecosystems naturally retain soil and prevent soil erosion, the importance of this ecosystem attributes is especially observed following deforestation. 5. Regulation of climate (trees provide shade and reduce the need for fans and air conditioners during the summer, trees also use carbon dioxide when photosynthesizing, the bodies of the tree store carbon and oxygen is released as a byproduct, CO2 affect the amount of solar radiation retained on the earth surface 6. Ecotourism, (millions of people enjoy vacations in natural settings, tourism leads to the burning of trees for hotels and hiking .

- 5 Causes of extinction

1. Loss of habitat (deforestation, destruction of coastal reefs) 2. Exotic species, sometimes called invasive species are non-native members of an ecosystem... - Colonization, Europeans took a number of familiar species with them when they colonize new places. - Horticultural and agricultural, U.S taking Kudzu Irvine from Japan that was thought to prevent soil erosion but no covers much of the landscape smothering walnuts Magnolia and sweet gun trees. - Accidental transportation such Zebra mussels 3. Pollution, can be defined as any contaminants introduced into the environment to adversely affects the lives and the health of the living organisms. - Acid deposition, but sulfur dioxide from power plants and nitrogen oxide an automobile exhaust are converted to acid when they are combined with water vapor in the atmosphere. - Eutrophication, when lakes receive excess nutrients due to runoff from agricultural fields and fertilize lawn’s as well as water waste from sewage treatment causing algae bloom - Ozone depletion, the ozone shields most of the wave length of harmful ultraviolet radiation - The synthesis of organic chemicals called nonylphenols which harm the transition of salmon fish from fresh water to salt water 4. Climate change, it refers to the recent changes in the earths climate, resulting in an increase of earths temperature causing severe storms in the melting of glaciers, causing the extinction of animals as well as plans and vegetation. 5. Over exploitation, is the process of taking more individuals from a world population that can be naturally replays resulting in a decrease in the population, the smaller the population the more valuable the members and the greater the incentive to capture the few remaining organisms hunted by poachers.

Conservation techniques :

- Keystone species, or species that influence the viability of a community, although their number may not be excessively high, the extinction of keystone species can lead to other extinction and the loss of biodiversity - Flagship species, evoke a strong emotional response in humans, they are considered charismatic and treasured for their cuteness, butterflies , dolphins , lions - meta-population, a large population that has been subdivided into several small isolated populations due to habitat fragmentation - A source population, is one that is stable or growing in size producing an excess of individuals - A sink population is where the environment is not as favorable as where the birth grade is equal to the death rate - Landscape preservation, is the habitat conservation for animals - Edge effect, an edge is a transition from one habitat to another. - Habitat restoration, restoration ecology is a sub discipline of conservation biology that looks for scientific ways to return ecosystems to the natural state

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