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Concerned with the biological molecules of living organisms; its structure, properties and functions.

Biochemistry

Study of biomolecules and the different processes they undergo inside the human body as they affect the life, health and nutrition status of the individual

Biochemistry

Study of the chemical processes that go on in living matter.

Biochemistry

Field where principles of biology, chemistry and physics are applied

Biochemistry

The chief goal of biochemistry is to understand the _________ and _________ of biological molecules

Structure and behavior

Concerned with the physicochemical processes underlying digestion, absorption, circulation, respiration, metabolism, growth and reproduction

Biochemistry

His experiment laid the foundation for modern biochemistry; rejected the vital force theory

Friedrich Wohler

He heated ammonium cyanate (inorganic compound) to form urea (organic compound found in urine and blood)

Friedrich Wohler

Demonstrated that organic compounds need not necessarily be formed in living organisms

Friedrich Wohler

Father of Organic Chemistry

Friedrich Wohler

Two Major breakthroughs in the history of Biochemistry

Discovery of enzymes and its roles & Identification of Nucleic Acid as information molecules

Important in the digestion; Aids in making a chemical reaction fast

Enzymes

Catalysts of biological reactions

Enzymes

Formulated the general principles of catalysts

Berzelius

His formulation lead to the recognition that ptyalin in saliva, pepsin of gastric juice and amylase of sprouted malt were biological catalysts

Berzelius

Studied the catalytic effect yeast enzymes on a simple reaction, the of hydrolysis of sucrose

Emil Fischer

Proposed the lock-and-key theory of enzyme action (enzyme - lock; substrate - key); Almost all reactions that occur in living cells are catalyzed by enzymes and thus proceed at very high rates

Emil Fischer

Introduced the term Biochemistry in 1903 and thus was named as the father of biochemistry

Carl Neuberg

Discovered the enzyme carboxylase (seen in Krebs cycle and lipid metabolism; present in several metabolic pathways)

Carl Neuberg

Extracted DNA from a toxic strain of Streptococcus pneumonia and mixed the DNA with a non-toxic strain

Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod and Maclyn McCarty

Important in the formation of polypeptides

Nucleic Acid

They deduced the 3D structure of DNA

James D. Watson and Francis H.C. Crick

They discovered DNA replication process, which then transmits biological information to succeeding generation

James D. Watson and Francis H.C. Crick

States that the information encoded in DNA is transcribed to RNA then translated to protein

The central Dogma

States that the information encoded in DNA is transcribed to RNA then translated to protein

The central Dogma

Shows how protein is formed

The central Dogma

The study of the structure of biomolecules, their make-up, composition

Molecular Anatomy

Deals with the function of the different biomolecules

Molecular Physiology

Any organic or inorganic matter which when introduced into the body (eaten, injected or inhaled) will either positively or negatively affect vital life processes

Biomolecules

Carbon-containing compounds that make up the various parts of the living cell and carry out the chemical reactions that enable it to grow, maintain and reproduce itself, and use and store and energy

Biomolecules

Biomolecule: an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Carbohydrates

Biomolecule: hydrogen-oxygen ratio is 2:1

Carbohydrates

Biomolecule: includes simple sugars (monosaccharides) and their polymers (polysaccharides)

Carbohydrates

Biomolecule: contain several hydroxyl groups (polyalcohols)

Carbohydrates

Sugar structures can be represented in several ways: open chain

Fischer Projection-linear representation

Sugar structures can be represented in several ways

Haworth Projection

Biomolecule: Contain an amino group and a carboxylate group as well as a side chain

Proteins

Biomolecule: Made up of different amino acids joined by an amide bond or a peptide bond

Proteins

Biomolecule: its shape is determined by the sequence of its amino acid residues which is encoded by a gene

Proteins

Biomolecule: Generally water-insoluble organic compounds

Lipids

Biomolecule: Soluble in organic solvents

Lipids

Biomolecule: The simplest lipids are the _________, long chain hydrocarbons with a carboxylate group at one end

Fatty acids

Biomolecule: form the biological membrane

Lipids

Biomolecule: Are polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides

Nucleic acids

The protein function depends on its

3D structure or conformation

Contain a 5-carbon gar, a heterocyclic nitrogenous base and at least one phosphate group

Nucleotides

Nucleotides in DNA; sugar is

Deoxyribose

Nucleotides in RNA; sugar is

Ribose

MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY(Work within cells): a change of location or posture of an organism, cell or cellular structure

Mechanical work

MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY(Work within cells): compounds or ions are often moved against a concentration gradient

Osmotic or electrical work

MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY (Work within cells): a change in chemical bonds required to generate complex molecules from simple precursors

Synthetic work

Sum total of the physical and chemical processes and reaction taking place among the ions, atoms and molecules of the living body

Metabolism

These processes are concerned with the role of the cells of an organism to transform energy, maintain their identity and reproduce

Metabolism

2 PHASES OF METABOLISM: is the constructive phase of metabolism. It is the process of synthesis required for the growth of new cells and the maintenance of all tissues

ANABOLISM

2 PHASES OF METABOLISM: is the destructive phase of metabolism

CATABOLISM

2 PHASES OF METABOLISM: continuous process concerned with the production of the energy required for all external and internal physical activity

CATABOLISM

2 PHASES OF METABOLISM: divergent process in which a few biosynthetic precursors form a wide variety of polymeric or complex products

ANABOLISM

2 PHASES OF METABOLISM: combine small molecules to form complex molecules

ANABOLISM

Anabolism: anabolic reactions often involve chemical ______

Reductions

Anabolism: the reducing power is provided by the electron donor _______

NADPH

2 PHASES OF METABOLISM: involves maintenance of body temperature

CATABOLISM

2 PHASES OF METABOLISM: involves degradation of complex chemical units into simpler substances that can be removed as waste products from the body through the kidneys, intestines, lungs and skin

CATABOLISM

2 PHASES OF METABOLISM: Serve to capture chemical energy from the degradation of energy rich fuel molecules

CATABOLISM

2 PHASES OF METABOLISM: Allows molecules in the diet to be converted into building blocks

CATABOLISM

True or False: Anabolic and catabolic processes should be proportionately done in order to maintain the biological equilibrium or homeostasis in the living body

True

CLASSIFY IF ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC: Synthesis of a polysaccharide from monosaccharides

Anabolic

CLASSIFY IF ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC:Hydrolysis of pentasaccharide to monosaccharide

Catabolic

CLASSIFY IF ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC: Formation of nucleotide from phosphate, sugar and base

Anabolic

CLASSIFY IF ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC: Hydrolysis of triacylglycerol

Catabolic

CLASSIFY IF ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC: Protein formation from amino acids

Anabolic

CLASSIFY IF ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC: DNA and RNA formation from nucleotides

Anabolic

Catabolic pathway is also called

Degradative pathway

Anabolic pathway is also called

Synthetic pathway

Breaks down complex biomolecules to a few simple molecules

Catabolic pathway

Form complex end products from simple precursors

Anabolic pathways

Form complex end products from simple precursors

Anabolic pathways

Enzyme for redox reactions

Dehydrogenase

Makes use of cofactors (accepts or donates electrons)

OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTIONS

Involves loss of electrons from a molecule

Oxidation

Often accompanied by a loss of one or more hydrogen atoms from the molecule

Oxidation

Involves gain of electrons by a molecule

Reduction

Often accompanied by a gain of one or more hydrogen atoms by the molecule

Reduction

ATP Equivalent: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (hydride)

2.5

ATP Equivalent: Flavine adenine dinucleotide (hydride)

1.5

ATP Equivalent: Flavin mononucleotide hydride

1.5

Organized sequence of chemical reactions

METABOLIC PATHWAYS

Needed for metabolic pathways to be successful

Enzymes & hormones

Controls the metabolic pathways by catalyzing each of the steps in a pathway

Enzymes

Intercellular messengers that helps regulate the amount of substrate and enzymes

Hormones

2 types of metabolic pathways: series of reactions generates a Different final product

Linear metabolic pathway

2 types of metabolic pathways: series of reactions regenerates the first reactant; same product

Cyclic

PROCESSES UNDERGONE BY BIOMOLECULES: refers to the breakdown of large foodstuffs into smaller particles

DIGESTION

PROCESSESS UNDERGONE BY BIOMOLECULES: refers to the diffusion or movement or nutrients and other ingested materials from the small intestines (jejunum) into the blood stream

ABSORPTION

ABSORPTION: the process is facilitated by _______ which are mobile, fingerlike projections that increases the absorptive area of the GIT

Microvilli

PROCESSESS UNDERGONE BY BIOMOLECULES: Location: small intestine; general compared to assimilation

ABSORPTION

PROCESSESS UNDERGONE BY BIOMOLECULES: refers to the selective uptake of specific nutrients by an organ in the body

ASSIMILATION

PROCESSESS UNDERGONE BY BIOMOLECULES: Specific organ; specific nutrient

ASSIMILATION

Form of digestion: the mechanical conversion of big food into smaller absorbable particles; mastication

Physical digestion

Form of digestion: the conversion of big food particles into smaller absorbable forms with the participation of enzymes, hormones and digestive juices; production of enzyme that would simplify food into smaller molecules

Chemical Digestion

PROCESSESS UNDERGONE BY BIOMOLECULES: the process by which the absorbed nutrients are used by the different cells for a specific purpose or function

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