biology chap 1 to 5
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biology chap 1 to 5 - Leaderboard
biology chap 1 to 5 - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What is passive transport? | The movement of substances across the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell |
| What is diffusion? | Simplest type of passive transport. movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| What is diffusion driven by? | Kinetic energy |
| What is equilibrium? | The concentration of molecules will be the same throughout the space the molecules occupy |
| What ability does a molecule depend on to diffuse across the cell membrane? | The size, type of molecule and on the chemical nature of the membrane |
| What is osmosis? | Water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| What is hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic? | Hypotonic less solutes more solvent hypertonic more solutes less solvent isotonic same |
| What are contractile vacuoles? | Organelles that remove water. they collect the excess water and then contract pumping the water out of the cell |
| What is turgor pressure? | The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall is called turgor pressure |
| What is plasmolysis? | The cells shrink from the cell walls and turgor pressure is lost. this condition is called plasmolysis |
| What is cytolysis? | Water diffuses into the cell, causing them to swell and eventually burst in a hypotonic environment. the bursting of cells is called cytolysis |
| What are carrier protiens? | The movement of molecules across the cell membrane is assisted by specific proteins in the membrane. these portions are known as carrier portions |
| What stimuli will allow gates to open in ion channels? | 1.) stretching of the cell membrane 2.) electrical signals 3.) chemicals in the cytosol or external environment |
| What is active transport? | Movement of materials from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, or "up" the concentration gradient by using energy |
| What is a sodium potassium pump? | A carrier protein transports Na ions and K ions up the concentration gradient (that carrier portion is known as sodium potassium pump) |
| What are vesicles? | External materials are enclosed by cell’s membrane during endocytosis, which folds into itself and forms a pouch. The pouch then pinches off from the cell membrane . |
| What are the types of endocytosis? | Pinocytosis and phagocytosis |
| What is pinocytosis? | Involves transport of solutes or fluids into cells |
| What is phagocytosis? | Movement of large particles or whole cells |
| What happens in Exocytosis | During exocytosis, vesicles in cytoplasm fuse with the cell membrane, Releasing their contents into the cell’s external environment. |
| What happens in endocytosis? | Cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, and large particles. |
| What is photosynthesis? | The transfer of energy in light and store it within organic compounds |
| What is cellular respiration? | It releases energy from organic compounds by using O2 within the cell |
| What is a chloroplast? | Organelles found in the cell of plants and algae, absorption of energy during photosynthesis |
| What are the characteristics of chloroplast? | 1.) surrounded by a pair of membranes 2.) inside the inner membrane is another system of membranes called thylakoids |
| What are grana? | Connected and layered thylakoids to form stacks of grana |
| What is a visible spectrum? | The array of colours, ranging from red to one end to violet is called the visible spectrum |
| Where are chlorophylls located? | In the membrane of the thylakoids |
| What is the difference between chlorophyll A and B? | Chlorophyll A absorbs less blue light but more red light than chlorophyll B absorbs |
| What are carotenoids? | Accessory pigments found in the thylakoid membrane, including the yellow, orange and brown |
| What does calvin cycle produce? | Organic compounds, using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH during light reactions |
| What happens in calvin cycle? | In the calvin cycle, carbon atoms form CO2 in the atmosphere are bonded, or fixed into organic compounds. (carbon fixation) |
| Where does the calvin cycle happen? | Within the stroma of the chloroplast |
| What factors affect photosynthesis? | Light intensity, CO2 levels and temperatures |
| What is cellular respiration? | Complex process in which cells make (ATP) by breaking down organic compounds |
| What is glycolysis without oxygen? | Fermentation or anaerobic respiration |
| What is glycolysis with oxygen? | Aerobic respiration |
| Where do glycolysis reactions take place? | The cytosol |
| What is fermentation? | In the absence of oxygen that pyruvic acid convert into other compounds that occur in the cytosol is known as fermentation |
| What is lactic acid fermentation? | An enzyme converts pyruvic acid into another three carbon compound called lactic acid |
| Where does lactic acid occur? | 1.) occurs by microorganisms to manufacture food products, such as yogurt and cheese 2.) muscle cells in very strong exercise |
| What is alcoholic fermentation? | Converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol |
| What are the two major stages of aerobic respiration? | The kerbs cycle and the electron transport chain |
| Where does the reactions of kerb cycle and electron transport chain take place in prokaryotes? | In the cytosol |
| Where does the reactions of kerb cycle and electron transport chain take place in eukaryotes? | In the mitochondrial matrix |
| What is the kerbs cycle? | The kerbs cycle is a biochemical pathway that breaks down acetyl CoA, producing Co2, hydrogen atoms and ATP |
| What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration? | 1- Serves as a final electron acceptor. 2- Oxygen allows additional electrons to pass long chain . 3-oxygen accepts the protons 4-oxygen combines with proton and electron to form water |
| How many ATP molecules are made in cellular respiration? | 38 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose |
| What is more efficient glycolysis or cellular respiration? | Cellular respiration |
| Why does the equation of aerobic respiration can be considered the opposite of the overall equation of photosynthesis? | Because the products of photosynthesis are reactants in Aerobic respiration and the products of Aerobic respiration are reactants in photosynthesis. |
| What is the function of aerobic respiration? | 1. provides the ATP for all cells need to support the activities of life. 2-build the macromolecules that cells need. |
| What is the definition of TAXONOMY? | The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms is called taxonomy. |
| Arsistotle classified organisms into ........ or ....... | Plants, Animals |
| He also grouped animals into : | Land dwellers, water dwellers, air dwellers |
| Why biologists realized that Aristotle's classification was inadequate? | 1.Because he used common names that vary from place to place 2.Common names don't describe organisms accurately. for example, jellyfish is not a fish. |
| What was Linnaeus's System? | Carolus Linnaeus grouped organisms into hierarchical categories according to their morphology.(from and structure) |
| Level the classifications in order: | 1.Kingdom 2.Phylum 3.Class 4.Order 5.Family 6.Genus 7.Species |
| What is the scientific name for Human? | Homo Sapines |
| Count the six kingdom system | 1.Archeabacteria 2.Eubacteria 3.Protista 4.Fungi 5.Plantae 6.Animalia |
| Are eubacteria multicellular eukaryotes? | No, they are unicellular prokaryotes. |
| Count the Three-Domain SYSTEM: | 1-Domain Archaea : includes Archaebacteria 2-Domain Bacteria: includes Eubacteria 3-Domain Eukarya: Includes protists , fungi, plants and animals |
| CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES : | 1-virusus range in size from small (poliovirus 20nm)to large smallpox virus 250nm. 2-virusus are not considered living organisms. Because they have no nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles or cell membrane and they cannot carry out cellular functions. 3- They must enter a living cell and use the host cell’s ribosomes, ATP, enzymes, and other molecules to reproduce. 4-viral nucleic acid either DNA or RNA but not both. |
| Write down how viruses are grouped ? | Based on whether they have RNA or DNA or based on nucleic acid is single stranded or double stranded or based on their shape and structure. |
| What is Viroids | Are the smallest known particles that are able to replicate. A viroid is made up of a short, single strand of RNA that does not have a capsid. |
| What is Prions | Are abnormal forms of protein that clump together inside cells and cause cell death. Prions appear to cause a number diseases such as brain diseases. |
| What are the Steps of Bacteriophage? | 1-viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages,, have complex capsids 2- Phage capsids are made up of a hexagonal head filled with DNA. 3-Attached to the head is a protein tail with one or more tail fibers. The tail fibers attach the virus to a cell. The tail helps the virus inject its nucleic acid into the host cell. 3- The most bacteriophages, infect Escherichia coli, or E. coli a bacterium found in the digestive tract |
| What is Virus and human diseases? | Viruses cause many diseases in humans, such as flu, chickenpox, measles, polio, and viral hepatitis. Viral infections can affect various human organs, including the brain, liver, heart, lungs, and skin. |
| What is chickenpox? And the symptoms | The virus multiplies in the lungs and travels to blood vessels in the skin. The symptoms of chickenpox include fever and skin rash. |
| What is Viral Hepatitis And the symptoms? | Hepatitis or inflammation of the liver, can be spread by contaminated food and water and sexual contact. Symptoms of hepatitis can include fever, nausea, jaundice, and liver failure |
| What is a vaccine and good for? | Is a solution that contains a harmless version of a virus, bacterium, or a toxin that causes an immune response when introduced to the body. |
| What does vaccines contain? | Dead virus, weak virus and part of virus |
| Write down some examples of vaccines | Measles, mumps, polio, corona virus |
| What is a bacteria in general? | A-They occur in many shapes and sizes and have distinct biochemical and genetic characteristics. B-Most bacteria have one of three basic shapes, - Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacilli -Sphere-shaped bacteria are called cocci - Spiral-shaped bacteria are called spirilla. |
| What is antibiotic? | A drug that used to kill bacteria |
| Example of Antibiotic | 1-Penicillin 2-Ampicillin |
| What are the useful part of a bacteria? | 1-Food Hygiene. 2-Industrial chemical production. 3- Sewage. |
| What are the three domain systems? | 1-Domain Archaea : includes Archaebacteria 2-Domain Bacteria: includes Eubacteria 3-Domain Eukarya: Inludes protists , fungi, plants and animals ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: |
| What are the three domain systems? | 1-Domain Archaea : includes Archaebacteria 2-Domain Bacteria: includes Eubacteria 3-Domain Eukarya: Inludes protists , fungi, plants and animals ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: |
| What are the three domain systems? | 1-Domain Archaea : includes Archaebacteria 2-Domain Bacteria: includes Eubacteria 3-Domain Eukarya: Inludes protists , fungi, plants and animals ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: |
| What is taxonomy? | The science of describing, naming and classifying organisms is called taxonomy |
| What did the greek philosopher Aristotle classify organisms into? | Classified organisms into plants or animals. |
| How did Aristotle group organisms? | He grouped them into land dwellers, water dwellers and air dwellers |
| Why did biologists realize that Aristotles classification was inadequate? | He used common names that vary from place to place. common names dont describe organisms accurately |
| What is the linnaeus system? | Carolus Linnaeus grouped organisms into hierarchical categories according to their morphology (form and structure). |
| What are the levels of classification? | 1-kingdom 2- phylum 3-class 4-Order 5-family 6-genus 7- species |
| What is the scientific name for humans? | Homo sapiens |
| What are all the kingdom systems? | 1-Kingdom Archaebacteria 2- Kingdom Eubacteria 3- Kingdom Protista 4-kingdom fungi 5- Kingdom Plantae 6-Kingdom Animalia |
| Kingdom archaebacteria characteristics? | A) Are unicellular prokaryotes and have cell membrane. B) Some of Archaebacteria are Autotrophs, producing food by chemosynthesis C) Many Archaebacteria live in harsh environment such as sulfurous hot spring and salty lakes. D) Reproduced by Binary fission |
| Kingdom eubacteria characteristics? | A) Are unicellular prokaryotes B) Most eubacteria effect human life such as turn milk into yogurt and cause food poisoning. C) Most eubacteria use oxygen and some live without oxygen. D) Reproduced by Binary fission |
| Kingdom protista characteristics? | A) Are eukaryotes, mostly single-celled organisms and some multicellular B) Have membrane –bound true nucleus and organelle C) Include all eukaryote organisms that are not plants , animals or fungi and more than 5000 species. D) Example Euglena and amoebas . |
| Kingdom fungi characteristics? | A) Hetrotrophic eukaryotes B) Unicellular and multicellular C) Fungi absorb nutrients rather than ingesting . D) Have over 100,000 species for example Mushroom and truffle. |
| Kingdom plantae characteristics? | A) Are eukaryotic, multicellular plants. B) most plants are autotrophic ,use photosynthesis as a source of energy C) some plant are parasite D) Most plants live on land and reproduce sexually. E) Have 350,000 species and include mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. |
| Kingdom animalia characteristics? | A) Are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophs B) Most animals have symmetrical body organization C) Can move around their environment to find and capture food. D) Reproduced sexually. |
| What are the three domain systems? | 1-Domain Archaea : includes Archaebacteria 2-Domain Bacteria: includes Eubacteria 3-Domain Eukarya: Inludes protists , fungi, plants and animals ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: |
| What is a virus? | A virus is a nonliving particle made up of nucleic acid and a protein coat |
| Characteristics of virus? | 1-virusus range in size from small (poliovirus 20nm)to large smallpox virus 250nm. 3- They must enter a living cell and use the host cell’s ribosomes, ATP, enzymes, and other molecules to reproduce. 5-The shape nucleic acid may be helical, a closed loop, or long strand (depending on virus) |
| Write down how viruses are grouped ? | Based on whether they have RNA or DNA or based on nucleic acid is single stranded or double stranded or based on their shape and structure. |