Biology - human reproduction
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Biology - human reproduction - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Male reproductive system | Male reproductive system |
| Function of the vagina | Receives penis during sexual intercourse |
| Function of the testes | Production of male gametes (sperm) |
| Function of the scrotum | Sac that holds the testes outside the body |
| Function of the sperm ducts | Transfer sperm to the urethra |
| Function of the prostate gland | Secrete fluids for sperm to swim in forming semen |
| Function of the urethra | Carries urine and semen to vagina during sexual intercourse |
| Function of the penis | Transfers semen to vagina during sexual intercourse |
| Female reproductive system | Female reproductive system |
| Function of the ovaries | Release of female gametes (eggs) |
| Function of the oviducts | Transfers egg to uterus and the site of fertilization |
| Function of the uterus | Where the fetus develops |
| Function of the cervix | Ring of muscle at the opening of the uterus |
| Function of the vagina | Receives penis during sexual intercourse |
| Fertilization | The fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete and a female gamete |
| Adaptive feature of flagellum in sperm | Generates movement to propel itself towards the egg |
| Adaptive feature of nuclei in sperm | Holds DNA of the cell |
| Adaptive feature of mitochondria in sperm | Produce energy for the movement of the sperm |
| Adaptive feature of enzymes in sperm | Help the sperm break through the cell membrane of an egg |
| Adaptive feature of energy stores in egg cells | Contain large energy stores – these provide nutrients for the embryo during early development. |
| Adaptive feature of jelly coating in egg cells | After one sperm manages to penetrate it changes to become impenetrable to more sperm |
| Comparison of sperm and egg in terms of size | Sperm - very small, ovum - very big (for a cell) |
| Comparison of sperm and egg in terms of motility | Sperm - mobile, can propel themselves with their tales, ovum - immobile, is passively moved through the oviduct by the fluid |
| What happens in early development of a baby with a zygote | The zygote forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that implants into the wall of the uterus |
| Fetal development | Fetal development |
| Can the fetus be affected | Yes, some pathogens and toxins can pass across the placenta |
| Role of testosterone with secondary sexual characteristics | Voice breaking, muscular development, growth of facial and public hair |
| Role of estrogen with secondary sexual characteristics | Breasts develop, hips widen, growth of pubic hair |
| Changes in the uterus lining during the menstrual cycle | An egg is produced, the lining of the uterus thickens up, hen pregnancy doesn't occur, the egg is absorbed back into the body and the thick lining in the uterus is shed, this is your period. Then the cycle begins all over again. |
| Function of the placenta | (]carries the mother’s blood) and the fetal blood vessels that branch out into capillaries close to the villi walls bring the fetal blood and maternal blood very close, which allows nutrients and gases such as oxygen to diffuse across the placenta to the fetus, and for waste products like carbon dioxide and excretory products to diffuse to the mother |
| Function of the umbilical cord | Takes blood from the fetus to the placenta, through the umbilical artery. Fetal blood returns from the placenta returns to the fetus through the umbilical vein through the umbilical cord. |
| Function of the amniotic fluid | Supporting the fetus and protecting it from physical damage, absorbs excretory materials (urine) released by the fetus |
| Function of the amniotic sac | Enclosing the amniotic fluid and preventing the entry of bacteria |
| Changes in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle | Immature follicle cells start to complete a meiotic cell division, just before ovulation one follicle is fully matured to an egg, an egg is released and the corpus luteum/yellow body is formed, if the egg is fertilized the yellow body stays. If the egg is unfertilized it disappears. |
| What secrets progesterone during the menstrual cycle | The yellow body/corpus luteum |
| What secrets progesterone during pregnancy | The yellow body/corpus luteum for a period of time, then the placenta |
| What secrets estrogen during the menstrual cycle | Maturing follicles |
| What secrets estrogen during pregnancy | The placenta |
| STI | An infection that is transmitted through sexual contact |
| HIV | A pathogen that causes an STI, an HIV infection may lead to AIDS |
| Methods of transmission of HIV | From an infected mother to fetus across placenta, unprotected sex, sharing needles while taking drugs, transfusion with unscreened blood |
| How the transmission of STIs are controlled | Abstinence, use contraceptive methods/condoms NOT BIRTH CONTROL, wait and test, education, track and trace |