Blood Chapter
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Blood Chapter - Details
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88 questions
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| Which of the following is not one of the functions of blood? A. to transport and exchange gases B. to protect vital organs C. blood clotting D. to maintain body temperature | B. to protect vital organs |
| The process of red blood cell production is known as: A. polycythemia B. erythropoiesis C. erythrocytosis D. erythropenia. | B. erythropoiesis |
| What percentage of buffy coat | 1 percent |
| The buffy coat consists of ____ and ____? | The buffy coat consists of leukocytes and platelets |
| What is the percentage of erythrocytes? | 44 percent of erythrocytes |
| Def. of Hematocrit | Percentage of red blood cells or erythrocytes |
| What are the 7 functions of blood? | 1. Gas exchange. 2. Distribution of solutes 3. Performing immune functions 4. Maintaining body temp 5. Sealing blood vessels by forming clots 6. Preserving acid- base homeostasis 7. Stabilizing blood pressure |
| Both ____ and ___ transport carbon dioxide away from the tissues to the lungs | Both Erythrocytes and Plasma |
| What are some plasma solutes? | Nutrients, Wastes, electrolytes, hormones |
| When a blood vessel is broken, _____ and ____ form a blood clot? | Platelets and certain proteins |
| What is the PH of blood | 7.35-7.45 |
| Def of bood pressure | Blood pressure is the volume of blood in the circulation |
| The amount of water in plasma determines it's _____ or ____ of blood | Thickness, or Viscosity |
| If plasma contains less water, then it's ____ increases and ____ ____ becomes sluggish | Viscosity, blood flow |
| What are the 4 plasma proteins? | 1. Albumin 2. Immune proteins 3. Transport proteins 4. Clotting proteins |
| Albumin | - Plasma protein - Made in the liver - Maintains osmotic pressure (the pressure that draws water into blood via osmosis |
| Transport proteins | - Plasma protein - Made in the liver - Bind and transport hydrophobic compounds (fats and steriods) through blood |
| What are the plasma proteins of the immune system called? | Y-globulines, also known as antibodies |
| Antibodies are produced by _______? | Leukocytes |
| Clotting proteins | - plasma protein - made in the liver. Collection of platelets and clotting proteins, stops bleeding from an injured blood vessel |
| Gamma Globulins are made by _ ______? | B lymphocytes |
| Remaining 1% of plasma consists of? | Small solutes that dissolve in the water portion of the plasma and form a solution |
| The solutes in the plasma consists of? | Glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous waste, ions, small amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| The solutes are exchanged between the ___ and ______ _____ in most capillary beds | Blood and Interstitial fluid |
| Immune System | The body's defense system against disease |
| Lymph | Specialized fluid formed in the tissue spaces that returns excess fluid and protein molecules to the blood |
| Lymphatic vessels | Vessels that carry lymph to its eventual return to the circulatory system |
| Interstitial fluid | Fluid located in the microscopic spaces between the cells |
| Lymphatic capillaries | Tiny blind ended tubes distributed in the tissue spaces |
| Lymph nodes | Biological filtration of lymph on its way to the circulatory system |
| Afferent lymph vessels | Small lymphatic vessels that carry lymphatic fluid toward a lymph note |
| Efferent lymph vessels | Small lymphatic vessels that carry lymphatic fluid away from a lymph node |
| Nonspecific immunity | Protective mechanisms that provide immediate, generic protection agains any bacteria, toxin or other injurious particle, also called innate immunity |
| Innate immunity | Same as nonspecific immunity |
| Inflammatory response | Nonspecific immune process produced in response to injury and resulting in redness, pain, heat and swelling and promoting movement of white blood cells to the affected area |
| Specific immunity | The protective mechanisms that provide specific protection against certain types of bacteria or toxins |
| Adaptive immunity | Another name for specific immunity |
| Immunization | Deliberate artificial expose to disease to produce acquired immunity |
| Antibodies | Substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a specific substance that has entered the body |
| The immune system is not a system, instead it contains? | Proteins and cells located in the blood and the tissues of other systems, including the lymphatic system |
| The lymphatic system is a group of ____ and ____ | Organs and tissues |
| Lymphatic system consists of 2 main components: | 1. Lymphatic vessels 2. Lymphatic tissue and lymphatic organs |
| Lymphatic vessels begin in the tissues with tiny ________ _______ | Lymphatic capillaries |
| Lymphatic capillaries are? | Lymphatic capillaries form weblike networks that surround blood capillary beds |
| How are lymphatic capillaries different than blood capillaries | 1.) lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended, meaning a one way system that ONLY moves Lymph away from the tissues. 2.) The cells of the lymphatic capillaries are not tightly joined, instead able to flap open and closed. 3.)Blood cap. is a 2 way system that moves blood toward and away from tissues. 4.) Blood cap. epithelial cells form the walls and are tightly joined |
| The permeability of lymphatic capillaries allows what to go inside? | Pathogens such as bacteria, and cancer cells |
| What's an important role that lymph nodes do? | Lymph nodes limits the spread of pathogens through the body by acting as a filter and trapping pathogens, preventing them from traveling elsewhere |
| Reticular tissue contains ____ and ____? | Specialized cells and thin reticular fibers |
| Reticular tissue is also called? | Lymphoid tissue |
| What are the cell types of the lymphoid tissues and organs? | 1. Lymphoid organs houses Lymphocytes (B & T) 2. Phagocytes( macrophages & dendritic cells) 3. Reticular cells (reticular fibers composed of specialized thin collagen protein, are produced by reticular cells |
| Mucosa- associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) protects what? | MALT protects mucous membranes such as the oral and nasal cavity- which are exposed by large #'s of pathogens |
| MALT def. | Loosely organized clusters of lymphoid tissue |
| Much of MALT consists of? | Clusters of B & T cells |
| Def. Lymphoid folicles/ lympphoid nodules and what they consist of? | Are specialized MALT and consists of spherical clusters. Consists primarily of B cells |
| Def germinal centers | When lymphoid follicles are exposed to pathogens, they develop light staining regions. Where the B cells are actively dividing |
| In the gastrointestinal tract, we find these specialized clusters of MALT in 3 locations... | 1. Tonsils, 2. Peyer's patches 3. Appendix |
| Def lymph nodes | Clusters of lymphatic tissue located along lymphatic vessels throughout the body |
| Where do we find clusters of lymph nodes? | 1. Axillary lymph nodes (under pits) 2. cervical lymph nodes (neck) 3. inguinal lymph nodes (groin) 4. mesenteric lymph nodes (abdominal cavity and abdominal organs) |
| Reticular fibers are filled with? | Macrophages, lymphocyes, and dendritic cells |
| The interior lymph node gets divided into 2 regions: | 1. Cortex 2. Medulla |
| Cortex | B cell rich lymphoid follicles, divided by inward extensions of the capsule called trabeculae. |
| In medulla are rows of ? and mature ? cells known as medullary cords | Macrophages and mature B cells |
| Mature B cells are known as? | Medullary cords |
| 1st Step of lymph node filtering lymph | 1. Lymph flows into lymph node through many small lymphatic vessels called afferent lymphatic vessels |
| 2nd step of lymph node filtering lymph | 2. Once in lymph node, enters hollow area called subcapsular sinus |
| 3rd step of lymph node filtering lymph | 3. After it enters subcapsular sinus, it flows through cortical sinuses |
| What happens when lymph passes through the subcapsular sinus and cortical sinus? | As lymph passes through these sinuses, pathogens and immune cells(dendritic cells) migrate into lymphoid nodule to initiate an immune response |
| 4th step of lymph node filtering lymph | 4. Lymph contiues to flow thorugh cortical sinus and medullary sinuses, then drains out through efferent lymphatic vessels |
| What happens when pathogens enter a lymph node and B cells are activated? | The germinal centers of the lymphoid follicles enlarge, causes whole lymph node to swell |
| Spleens internal structure consists of a network of ? made by ? | Reticular fibers made by reticualr cells |
| Within spleens reticular tissue framework, we find ? and ? | White pulp and red pulp |
| Red pulp contains what? | Red pulp contains macrophages that destroy old eythrocytes |
| White pulp contains what? and filters pathogens from the ? | Leukocytes and blood |