Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity Ch10 - Details

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A mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body

Tumor (neoplasm)

Tumors that grow between the meninges (the three membranes that cover the CNS)

Meningiomas

Tumors that grow within their own membrane; can only influence the function of the brain by the pressure exerted on surrounding tissue

Encapsulated tumors

Tumors that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body

Benign tumors

Tumors that grow diffusely through surrounding tissues

Infiltrating tumors

Tumors that are difficult to remove or destroy and any remaining tumor tissue missed continues to grow

Malignant tumors

Brain tumors that develop from glial cells; infiltrating, rapidly growing and common

Gliomas

Tumors that didn't originate in the brain but have grown from infiltrating cells and been carried to the brain via bloodstream

Metastatic tumors

Sudden onset cerebralvascular disorders that cause brain damage

Strokes

A dysfunctional area surrounding the infarct (The area of dead or dying tissue produced by a stroke)

Penumbra

Bleeding in the brain that occurs when a cerebreal blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue damaging it

Cerebral hemorrhage

A pathological ballonlike dilation that forms in the wall of an atrery at a point where the elasticity of the artery wall is defective. Can be congenital or can result from exposure to vascular poisions or infections.

Aneurysm

Present at birth

Congenital

A disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain. can be caused by thrombosis, embolism and arteriosclerosis

Cerebral ischemia

A plug called a thrombus (may be composed of a blood clot, fat, oil, an air bubble, and/or tumor cells) is formed and blocks blood flow at the site of its formation.

Thrombosis

The plug, called an embolus is carried by the blood from a larger vessel, where it was formed, to a smaller one, where it becomes lodged

Embolism

The walls of blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow, usually as the result of fat deposits; this narrowing can eventually lead to complete blockage of the blood vessels

Arteriosclerosis

The brain’s most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

The glutamate receptors most involved in the reaction where excess glutame is produced byblood-deprived neurons which overactivates glutamate receptors in the membranes

NMDA(N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors

Closed-head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system. Such damage produces internal hemorrhaging,which results in a hematoma.

Contusions

A localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue—in other words, a bruise

Hematoma

Injuries that cause contusions on the side of the brain opposite the side struck by a blow. The reason is that the blow causes the brain to strike the inside of the skull on the other side of the head.

Contrecoup injuries

When there is a disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head and there is no evidence of a contusion or other structural damage

Concussion

The dementia and cerebral scarring observed individuals who have experienced repeated concussive,or even subconcussive, blows to the head

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

General intellectual deterioration

Dementia

The resulting inflammation of the brain caused by microorganisms in a brain infection

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the meninges often caused by bacteria

Meningitis

The syndrome of mental illness and dementia that results from a syphilitic infection

General paresis

Chronic mental illness produced by a neurotoxin

Toxic psychosis

Some of the antipsychotic drugs introduced in the early 1950s that caused patients with schizophrenia to develop this motor disorder. Its primary symptoms are involuntary smacking and sucking movements of the lips, thrusting and rolling of the tongue, lateral jaw movements, and puffing of the cheeks.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD)

Produced by the patients own body

Endogenous

The genetic accident occurs in the mother during ovulation, when an extra chromosome 21 is created in the egg. when the egg is fertilized, there are three chromosome 21s, rather than two, in the zygote. The consequences tend to be characteristic disfigurement, intellectual impairment, and troublesome medical complications

Down syndrome

Active cell death

Apoptosis

Diagnosis given to patients whose seizures are repeatedly generated by their own chronic brain dysfunction

Epilepsy

Motor seizures

Conculsions

Tremors

Clonus

Rigidity

Tonus

A seizure that does not involve the entire brain. The epileptic neurons at a focus begin to discharge together in bursts, and it is this synchronous bursting of neurons that produces epileptic spiking in the EEG. The specific behavioral symptoms of a focal epileptic seizure depend on where the disruptive discharges begin and into what structures they spread. they are not usually accompanied by a total loss of consciousness or equilibrium. There are two major categories: simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures.

Focal seizure

Peculiar psychological changes just before a seizure

Epileptic auras

Focal seizures whose symptoms are primarily sensory or motor or both; the eplileptic discharges spread throught the sensory or motor areas of the brain causing the symptoms to spread systematically through the body

Simple partial seziures

Seizures that are restricted to the temporal lobes, and those who experience them are often said to have temporal lobe epilepsy. During the patient engages in compulsive, repetitive, simple behaviors commonly referred to as automatisms and in more complex behaviors that appear almost normal

Complex partial seizures

Seizures which involve the entire brain. Some begin as focal discharges that gradually spread through the entire brain. In other cases, the discharges seem to begin almost simultaneously in all parts of the brain. may result from diffuse pathology or may begin focally in a structure, such as the thalamus, that projects to many parts of the brain.

Generalized seizures

A form of generalized seizure that involves loss of consciousness, loss of equilibrium, and a violent convulsion. Tongue biting, urinary incontinence, and cyanosis (turning blue from excessive extraction of oxygen from the blood during the convulsion) are common manifestations

Tonic-clonic seizure

Shortage of oxygen supply to a tissue

Hypoxia

A form of generalized seizure are not associated with convulsions; their primary behavioral symptom is a disruption of consciousness associated with a cessation of ongoing behavior, a vacant look, and sometimes fluttering eyelids.

Absence seizure

The EEG of an absence seizure which is different from that of other seizures;it is a bilaterally symmetrical

3-per-second spike-and-wave discharge

A movement disorder of middle and old age.The initial symptoms are mild but they inevitably increase in severity with advancing years. The most common symptoms of the fullblown disorder are a tremor that is pronounced during inactivity but not during voluntary movement or sleep, muscular rigidity, difficulty initiating movement, slowness of movement, and a masklike face

Parkinson's disease

The midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia

Substantia nigra

A bilateral dopaminergic pathway in the brain that connects the substantia nigra in the midbrain with the dorsal striatum in the forebrain.

Nigrostriatal pathway

Is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain. help facilitate voluntary movement

Striatum

Clumps of proteins in the surviving dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in the autopsied brains of Parkinson's patients

Lewy bodies

The chemical from which the body synthesizes dopamine; becomes less effective with continued use

L-dopa

A treatment in which low-intensity electrical stimulation is continually applied to an area of the brain through a stereotaxically implanted electrode

Deep brain stimulation

Nucleus that lies just beneath the thalamus and is connected to the basal ganglia: stimulated in Parkinson's patients as a treatment

Subthalamic nucleus

A progressive motor disorder that has a simple genetic basis and is always associated with severe dementia. Symptoms are increased fidgetiness which develops into rapid jerky movements of entire limbs and continues to degenerate

Huntington's disease

The gene passed from generation to generation that causes Huntington's disease

Huntingtin

The protein the huntingtin gene is coded for

Huntingtin protein

A progressive disease that attacks the myelin of axons in the CNS. Eventually damage to the myelin is so severe that the associated axons become dysfunctional and degenerate

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Loss of motor coordination

Ataxia

The study of the various factors such as diet, geographic location, age, gender, and race that influence the distribution of a disease in the general population

Epidemiology

The most common cause of dementia in the elderly. is progressive and terminal. Its early stages are often characterized by a selective decline in memory, deficits in attention, and personality changes; its intermediate stages are marked by confusion, irritability, anxiety, and deterioration of speech; and in its advanced stages,the patient deteriorates to the point that even simple responses such as swallowing and bladder control are difficult

Alzhemer's disease

Are threadlike tangles of protein in the neural cytoplasm. One of three defining characteristics of Alzhemer's disease

Neurofibrillary tangles

Are clumps of scar tissue composed of degenerating neurons and aggregates of a protein called beta-amyloid which is present in normal brains in only small amounts. One of three defining feautures of Az disease

Amyloid plaques

It is a large membrane protein that normally plays an essential role in neural growth and repair. However, later in life, a corrupted form can destroy nerve cells, leading to the loss of thought and memory in Alzheimer's disease. One of three defining characteristics of Alzhemer's disease

Beta-amyloid

Small dot-like lesions on the brain resulting from microhemorrhages

Microbleeds

The progressive development and intensification of convulsions elicited by a series of periodic brain stimulations; one of the first neuroplastic phenomena to be widely studied.

Kindling phenomenon

The development, or genesis, of epilepsy

Epileptogenesis

Refers to animals into which genes of another species have been introduced

Trangenic

Synthetic heroin that was found to cause Parkinson-like symtoms

MPTP

The degeneration of the distal segment which occurs quickly following axotomy because the cut separates the distal segment of the axon from the cell body

Anterograde degeneration

The segment of a cut axon from the cut to the synaptic terminals

Distal segment

The degeneration of the proximal segment which progresses gradually back from the cut to the cell body

Retrograde degeneration

The segment of a cut axon from the cut back to the cell body.

Proximal segment

When degeneration spreads from damaged neurons to neurons that are linked to them by synapses

Transneuronal degeneration

The regrowth of damaged neurons; is virtually non-existant in CNS and hit or miss in PNS

Neural regeneration

Cells that myelinate PNS axons and clear the debris and scar tissue resulting from neural degeneration ad promote regeneration

Schwann cells

Cells which myelinate CNS axons, and do not clear debris or stimulate or guide regeneration instead they release factors that actively block regeneration

Oligodendroglia

The process when an axon degenerates and axon branches grow out from adjacent healthy axons and synapse at the sites vacated by the degenerating axon

Collateral sprouting

Environments designed to promote cognitive and physical activity

Enriched environments

Amputees continue to experience the limbs that have been amputated

Phantom limb

Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity Ch10

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