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Is a science which deals with the study of etiology, histopathology, epidemiology, diagnoses, prevention and treatment of DENTAL CARIES

Cariology

Refers to the causes that will cause the caries to be formed

Etiology

Refers to how these caries will involve dental tissues or what dental tissues on the tooth would be involved in the formation of caries

Histopathology

Refers to Which part of the tooth will be infected or be affected by dental carries and how will it progress

Histopathology

Refers to how many people or who are the people that gets infected

Epidemiology

Refers to how dentists are able to characterize the caries

Diagnosis

Is defined as a microbiological disease of the hard structure of teeth, which results in localized demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substances of the tooth

Dental Caries

Caries is an infectious microbiologic disease of the teeth that results in localized ________________________________ of the calcified tissues

Dissolution and destruction

According to ___________ Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated, diet modulated, multifactorial, noncommunicable, dynamic disease resulting in net mineral loss of dental hard tissues

Fejerskov 1997; Pits et.al.,2017

Refers to how it is not only caused by the presence of microorganisms but many factors that interplay together

Multifactorial

Means that it is active in its formation

Dynamic

Once calcium and phosphate would be removed from the enamel / dentin surface there would be ______________ which will start the presence of dental caries

Demineralization

According to , Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven, multifactorial, dynamic diseases that results in the phasic demineralization and remineralization of dental hard tissues. the balance between pathological and protective factors influences the initiation and progression of caries

ORCA IADR

Spell out IADR

International Association for Dental Research

There may be times of demineralization but given treatment there would be remineralization

Phasic demineralization and remineralization

Its balance is responsible for the initiation and progress of dental caries

Phasic demineralization and remineralization

Pathological and protective factors: increase of microorganisms and all the factors that cause dental caries

Pathologic

Pathological and protective factors: Good oral hygiene practices

Protective

Pathological and protective factors: Balance of pathologic and protective

No dental caries

Pathological and protective factors: Increase of protective factors

No dental caries

Pathological and protective factors: Imbalance / shifting where pathologic factors are heavier

Caries

With all of these definition there is one thing that is always emphasized

Biofilm-mediated or microbiological

There is always the presence of __________ which play in the formation of dental caries

Microorganisms

According to ___________ Dental caries is a preventable, chronic, and biofiIm-mediated disease modulated by diet.

Sturdevant‘s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry 7th ed

According to ___________ Dental caries is caused primarily by an imbalance of the oral flora (biofilm) due to the presence of fermentable dietary carbohydrates on the tooth surface over time.

Sturdevant‘s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry 7th ed

Resident oral bacteria in the oral cavity

Oral flora

Primary food of bacteria

Carbohydrates

A gelatinous mass of bacteria adhering to the tooth surface

Dental Plaque

More modern term of Dental Plaque

Biofilm

Agents that let the dental plaque be seen

Disclosing agent

Progression of biofilm

Acquired pellicle → material alba → dental plaque → calcular deposit

A film-like structure or mass of different bacteria, water or the composition of it

Biofilm

Composed mostly of bacteria, their by-products, extracellular matrix, and water

Biofilm

STAGES OF BIOFILM FORMATION: Presence of food debris on the surface of the tooth

Association

What will be seen in association

Acquired pellicle

30mins - 1hour after brushing __________forms

Acquired pellicle

Substances that is formed on the surface of the teeth coming from the saliva

Acquired pellicle

True or False: Acquired pellicle is actually good because it protects the teeth from sensitivity or tooth to tooth contact causing loss of structure

TRUE

True or False: acquired pellicle facilitates adhesion

TRUE

STAGES OF BIOFILM FORMATION: Attachment of bacteria usually starts with the attachment of actinomyces

Adhesion

Has the ability to attach themselves in those surfaces with acquired pellicle or food debris

Actinomyces

Bacteria progression

Actinomyces → corynebacterium → streptoccocus

From adhesion there is now

Proliferation

How does bacteria proliferate

Food (carbohydrates)

Collection of group of microorganisms

Microcolonies

STAGES OF BIOFILM FORMATION: Formed in 1-3 weeks

Microcolonies

STAGES OF BIOFILM FORMATION: occurs after formation of microcolonies

Biofilm formation

Will always cause acid formation

Bacterial activity

STAGES OF BIOFILM FORMATION: Bacteria and their byproducts

Growth "maturation"

Demineralization Appears as _________ on the surfaces of the teeth

Chalky white

Diet high in sugar causes the appearance of ________________ in mouth using sugar as energy source; as the bacteria consumes sugar

Mutans Streptococci

Byproduct of Mutans Streptococci

Lactic acid

Is Mutans Streptococci resistant to lactic acid?

Yes

Damage to inorganic substances

Demineralization

Damage to organic substances

Dissolution

Causes demineralization

Acidic environment

Susceptible Tooth Surface

Pits and fissures, proximal areas below contact area, cervical third

Describe the clinical appearance of initial caries formation

White spot lesion

What are the cariogenic microorganisms

Mutans Streptococci, lactobacillus acidophilus

Microorganism that forms caries and can be seen in advance cases of caries specifically if there is cavitation

Lactobacilli

Stage of biofilm formation that involves more than one group of bacteria

Microcolonies

Process where minerals are lost

Demineralization

Describe the pH of oral cavity that will cause the cavity to form

Acidic

Presence of oral flora causes caries

What is the clinical manifestation of caries- causing bacteria?

Biofilm

Shift in dynamic equilibrium in the environment instead of having neutral environment; would be acidic in nature then demineralization and dissolution happens

Acid production

Initiation of dental carries

Chalky white appearance

Capable of producing caries because of their acid formation

Cariogenic organisms

Seen on the initial stage of dental carries

Streptococcus mutans

Seen when caries are more established and dentin is involved

Lactobacilli

Microorganisms are capable of creating caries because of their

Acid formation

Degree to which a tooth is likely to become carious

Carcinogenicity potential

Possibility of having caries

Carcinogenicity potential

Is the study of health and disease state in populations rather than individuals.

Epidemiology

The____________________ defines the frequency and severity of health problems in relation to factors such as age, sex, geography, race, economic status, nutrition and diet.

Epidemiologist

True or False: Both female and male have to same opportunity

TRUE

Is the proportion of a population affected by a disease at a particular time.

Prevalence

The number of individuals in a population having a disease at a specific point in time.

Prevalence

Measures the rate at which a disease progresses

Incidence

Rate by which the disease progresses; Could be slow, fast, no progression; the number of individuals developing new cases of disease in a population over a specific period of time, usually 1 year.

Incidence

True or False: Caries is an infectious disease

FALSE

What specific part/ structure of tooth is demineralized?

Inorganic portion

The dentist presented his gathered data from the concluded dental check up stating that 20% of the new clinicians are infected with caries. Relating to epidemiology, this is an example of___

Prevalence

Area where there is drop in pH

Biofilm-tooth interface

An aggregate of microorganism in which cells adhere to each other and/ or to a solid substrate exposed to an aqueous surface

Biofilm

Tooth surface is an aqueous surface because of the presence of

Saliva

Clinical manifestation of bacteria

Dental biofilm

Clinical manifestation of dental biofilm

Gel-like matrix

Chelation process affects what specific structure/ substance of tooth

Inorganic substances

This serves as a pathway for microorganism to attack destroy the organic substances

Enamel lamellae

Chelation is carried out by

Soluble chelates, microorganisms + organic substances, Sulfuric acid

Proteolysis is carried out by

Hydrolytic enzymes

In Millers Theory, caries is caused by

Acidogenic bacteria

Oral hygiene practice is part of what etiologic factors affecting the formation of caries

Substrate

True or False: Caries can reach until the pulp

TRUE

Microorganisms mostly found in lesions

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Degraded molecules will form this substance to maintain high pH in the oral cavity

Ammonia

This action/property of the saliva maintains the neutral pH in the oral cavity

Buffer

A condition of the oral cavity where there is decrease or no salivary secretion

Xerostomia

True or False:Streptococcus mutans is both aciduric and acidogenic

TRUE

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