Chapter 11 Endocrine System
🇬🇧
In English
In English
Practice Known Questions
Stay up to date with your due questions
Complete 5 questions to enable practice
Exams
Exam: Test your skills
Test your skills in exam mode
Learn New Questions
Manual Mode [BETA]
Select your own question and answer types
Specific modes
Learn with flashcards
Complete the sentence
Listening & SpellingSpelling: Type what you hear
multiple choiceMultiple choice mode
SpeakingAnswer with voice
Speaking & ListeningPractice pronunciation
TypingTyping only mode
Chapter 11 Endocrine System - Leaderboard
Chapter 11 Endocrine System - Details
Levels:
Questions:
71 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What is the Pituitary Gland? | A pea sized gland that is located below the hypothalamus. It is known as the master gland as it controls the other glands through negative feedback |
| The Pituitary Gland is divided into the Anterior and Posterior pituitary gland. What hormones is does the anterior pituitary gland produce? | 1)Somatropin(Growth Hormone) 2)Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH) 3)Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone 4)Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH 5)Luteinizing Hormone(LH) 6)Prolactin(PRL) |
| What hormones does the pituitary gland produce and their functions? | Oxytocin(Promotes milk release and uterine contraction in labor Antidiuretic hormone or Vasopressin(Causes the kidneys to conserve water by decreasing urine production and arteriole constriction. This also causes an increase in blood pressure.) |
| What is the thyroid gland? | A butterfly shaped gland that lies on either side of the trachea. It is responsible for growth and development, metabolism, activity of the nervous system and serum calcium level. |
| What hormones does the thyroid gland produce and their functions? | 1)Triiodothyronine(T3) and Thyroxine(T4) responsible for growth and development, metabolism and nervous system activity 2)Calcitonin responsible for decreasing blood calcium by causing it to be store in the bones |
| What is the parathyroid gland? | Four glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Responsible for increasing blood calcium levels and regulating potassium in blood |
| What hormones does the parathyroid gland produce and their function? | Parathyroid Hormone(PTH) responsible for increasing calcium in blood and regulating phosphorous in blood |
| What changes occur in the kidneys under the influence of parathyroid hormone? | 1)Increased reabsorption of calcium and magnesium from kidney tubules 2)accelerates the elimination of potassium in urine |
| What are the adrenal glands? | Small yellow glands that sit atop both kidneys. These two glands are further divided into a cortex and medulla. |
| The adrenal cortex is further divided into three zones. What are these zones? | 1)Zona Glomerulosa(Outer Zone) 2)Zona Fasciculata(Middle Zone) 3)Zona Reticularis(Inner Zone) |
| What hormones are released from the zona Glomerulosa and their functions? | Mineralocorticoids(Aldosterone) responsible for fluid and electrolyte balance. Aldosterone is the principal mineralocorticoid and is responsible for regulating sodium and potassium levels. |
| How does Aldosterone control sodium and potassium levels? | Causes the retention of sodium which causes water retention. This water retention leads to increase blood volume and blood pressure |
| What hormones are released from the Zona Fasciculata? | Glucocorticoids(Cortisol) responsible for glucose metabolism and providing of extra reserve of energy in time of stress. They also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties |
| What hormones are released from the Zona Reticularis? | Sex Hormones(Androgen) responsible for early development of the reproductive system and testosterone production in males and estrogen production in women. Release of these hormones decreases significantly in adulthood. |
| What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla? | Epinephrine(adrenaline) and Norepinephrine are responsible for increase in heart rate and blood pressure, constriction of blood vessels and release of glucose energy reserve associated with fight or flight response |
| What is the pancreas? | An elongated gland that lies posterior to the stomach. It is composed of both exocrine and endocrine tissue and is responsible for metabolism of carb fats and protein |
| What is the function of beta cells in the pancreas? | They secrete insulin in response to glucose levels in order to maintain homeostasis |
| What is the function of alpha cells in the pancreas? | They secrete glucagon in response to decreased glucose level in the blood. |
| What are the female sex glands? | The ovaries which are two almond-shaped glands deep in the lower abdomen to the left and right of the uterus. Responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics. |
| What hormones are released from the ovaries? | Estrogen responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics Progesterone responsible for continuing the preparation of the reproductive organs which estrogen initiated |
| What are the male sex glands? | The testes are two oval sex glands located in the scrotum. They are responsible for development of male secondary sex characteristics |
| What hormone is released from the testes? | Testosterone |
| What is the thymus gland? | A gland located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum. It is responsible for development of the immune system |
| What hormones are released from the thymus? | Thymosin which is responsible for programing of the T lymphocytes necessary to carry out immune reaction to certain antigens. |
| What is the pineal gland? | A small cone-shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain. It is responsible for sleep function and circadian rhythm. |
| What hormone is released from the pineal gland? | Melatonin which is linked to sleep functions of the body and regulation of circadian rhythm |
| What is Acromegaly? | A condition in which overproduction of somatotropin occurs after the onset of puberty. This is usually due to idiopathic hyperplasia of the anterior love of the pituitary gland or tumor growth |
| What are the manifestations of acromegaly? | Enlarged cranium and lower jaw, separated and mal-occluded teeth, bulging forehead, bulbous nose, thick lips, enlarged tongue, general coarsening of facial features, speech difficulty, voice changes, enlarged hands and feet with clubbing of fingertips, enlarged heart liver and spleen, muscle weakness, joint stiffness and pain, headaches and vision changes |
| How is acromegaly diagnosed? | Primarily based on history and manifestations. Possible diagnostics may include CT, MRI, Cranial Radiography, Visual Field Testing. The definitive test however is growth hormone suppression test. |
| What is the treatment of acromegaly? | 1)Dopamine Agonists(Cabergoline) and Somatostatin Analogues(Octreotide) to help suppress GH secretion. 2)Surgical removal of the pituitary tumor(transsphenoidal surgery) 3)Irradiation procedures using proton beam therapy to destroy the GH-secreting tumor(Gamma knife radiosurgery) |
| What are some nursing considerations for a patient with acromegaly? | 1)Assess for ADL deficiencies and provide support as needed 2)Treat pain and stiffness with nonopioid analgesics as needed 3)Monitor regularly for jaw pain and difficulty chewing or swallowing and modify diet as needed 4)Schedule regular eye examination to determine vision complications 5)Monitor for self image and self esteem deficiencies and provide support as needed 6)Assess regularly for visceromegaly(Vital signs, palpation) 7)Monitor for changes in weight 8)Monitor for changes in respiratory function |
| What is Gigantism? | A condition resultant of oversecretion of GH prior to the onset of puberty as a result of hyperplasia of the anterior pituitary gland. This is usually resultant of development of a pituitary tumor or defect in the hypothalamus that directs the anterior pituitary to release excessive GH |
| What are the manifestations of Gigantism? | Overgrowth of long bones, abnormal height and increased muscle and visceral development, weight changes with normal body proportions |
| How is Gigantism diagnosed? | GH suppression test |
| How is Gigantism treated? | Surgical excision of tumor tissue or irradiation of the anterior pituitary gland and hormone replacement. Observation and treatment of complications such as hypertension, heart failure, osteoporosis, thickened bones s and delayed sexual development |
| What are some nursing considerations for a patient with gigantism? | 1)Compare growth of the individual with other children in their age groups 2)Monitor patient for self image and self esteem deficit and support as needed 3)Advise the patients parents of the importance of regular visits to the pediatrician and pediatric endocrinologist |
| What is dwarfism? | Condition caused by genetic mutation, GH deficiency(Hypopituitary Dwarfism) and other unknown causes. In some cases the patient may also lack ACTH, TSH and gonadotropins. |
| How is dwarfism manifested? | Short Stature, dentition complications due to underdeveloped jaw, sexual development delay |
| How is dwarfism diagnosed? | Radiographic evaluation of the skeleton and skull(Differences between bone age and chronological age will be assessed), MRI and CT scan will be used to rule out pituitary tumor. The definitive diagnosis is based on decreased plasma GH levels |
| How is dwarfism treated? | GH replacement therapy and surgical tumor removal |
| What are some nursing considerations for dwarfism? | 1)Be alert or signs of pituitary tumor(headache, visual disturbances and behavior changes) 2)Encourage the child to engage in activities with peers and wearing of age appropriate clothes to help promote self esteem and avoid future self esteem deficiency 3)Avoid making the parents feel guilty for any delay in seeking treatment |
| What is diabetes insipidus? | A metabolic disorder of the pituitary gland in which decrease in ADG production from the posterior pituitary gland or the action of DH is diminished. It may be transient or permanent and will result in increased urinary output, dehydration and increased plasma osmolality. |
| What are some possible causes of secondary diabetes insipidus? | Intracranial tumor, aneurysm, head injury of infectious process such as encephalitis or meningitis |
| What are the manifestations of diabetes insipidus? | Polyuria, polydipsia, dilute and paler urine, decreased urine specific gravity, hypernatremia, hypovolemic shock(Changes in LOC, tachycardia, tachypnea and hypotension) may occur in progressed/severe cases. |
| What diagnostics may be done for diabetes insipidus? | Urine Specific Gravity, urine ADH, serum electrolyte(Specifically sodium), Serum Osmolality, fluid deprivation test and CT scan and radiographic imaging of the sella turcica to evaluate pituitary structures |
| What are the treatments for diabetes insipidus? | IV, subQ, intranasal or oral administration of ADH(Desmopressin acetate) Elimination of caffeine from diet and IV fluid replacement |
| What are some nursing considerations for diabetes insipidus? | 1)Patients will likely be fatigued from frequent ambulation and poor sleep due to frequent bathroom use. 2)Monitor patient regularly for fall risk due to fatigue and electrolyte imbalance 3) Assess regularly for signs of hypovolemic shock 4)Assess skin turgor 5)Monitor I&O daily 6)Do not limit fluid intake to reduce urine output |
| What is syndrome of inappropriate ADH(SIADH)? | A condition in which the pituitary glands release too much ADH. In response the kidneys reabsorb more water, decreasing urinary output and expanding the body's fluid volume. |
| What are possible risk factors for SIADH? | 1)Medications such as anesthetics, opiates, barbiturates, thiazide diuretics and oral hypoglycemics 2)Malignancies capable of producing storing and releasing ADH 3)Nonmalignant pulmonary diseases(COPD, Tuberculosis, Lung abscesses and pneumonia 4)Nervous system disorders(head trauma, CVA, encephalitis, meningitis and guillain-barre syndrome 5)Miscellaneous causes(lupus erythematous adrenal insufficiency or thyroid or parathyroid disorders |
| How does SIADH manifest? | Hyponatremia(Cramping, anorexia, nausea and headaches) and water retention(peripheral edema), and in progressed water retention progressive lethargy, personality changes, seizures, diminished deep tendon reflex |
| How is SIADH diagnosed? | Urine and serum osmolality, serum sodium and urine specific gravity |
| How is SIADH treated? | Fluid restrictions, IV hypertonic solution administration to correct sodium imbalance and to pull water from edematous brain cells, administration of demeclocycline and lithium carbonate to interfere with antidiuretic action of ADH, diuretic administration to eliminate fluid retention and electrolyte replacement as needed and surgical resection, radiation or chemotherapy of malignant neoplasm may be necessary |
| What are some nursing considerations for SIADH? | 1)Perform Frequent neurologic and hydration status evaluation 2)Auscultate lung sounds do monitor for crackles due to fluid retention 3)Monitor SaO2 frequently 4)Frequently assess serum electrolytes, urine sodium, and urine specific gravity to prevent overcorrection 5)Monitor I&O daily 6)Restriction of fluids will likely be ordered 7)Electrolyte replacement may be necessary for patients on diuretics |
| What is Hyperthyroidism(Grave's Disease)? | A condition in which there is increased activity of the thyroid gland and overproduction of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones. This results in exaggerated metabolic processes. |
| What are the manifestations of hyperthyroid disease? | Edema of the anterior portion of the neck, exophthalmos(resulting in dry eyes, corneal ulcers and vision loss, memory loss, dysphagia or hoarseness, weight loss, patient may report nervousness, jitteriness, excitability or insomnia, heart palpitations, SOB, emotional lability(overreact to stress) increased B/P, bruit may be auscultated over thyroid, warm and flushed skin, fine and brittle hair, elevated temperature, Increased bowel movements, hand tremors, hyperactivity and clumsiness |
| How is hyperthyroid disease diagnosed? | TSH levels, radioactive iodine uptake scans and thyroid scans |
| How is hyperthyroidism treated? | Radioactive Iodine is the gold standard for treatment, administration of drugs that block thyroid hormones(propylthiouracil or methimazole), subtotal thyroidectomy |
| What is the goal of radioactive iodine treatment in hyperthyroidism? | Destruction of enough hypertrophied thyroid tissue to produce normal function of the thyroid. Excess treatment will result in hypothyroidism |
| What are some nursing considerations for hyperthyroidism? | 1)High protein and increased vitamin(especially B), minerals and carbs is commonly indicated 2)Losses in bone density may be attributed to hyperthyroidism 3)Supplementation of Vitamin D and calcium may be indicated to avoid osteoporosis 4)Caffeine and stimulant use should be avoided 5)Following thyroidectomy avoid stimulating environments to avoid falls or injury |
| What is chovstek's sign? | A clinical sign of abnormal spasm of facial muscles elicited by light taps on the facial nerve usually seen in hypocalcemia |
| What is Trousseaus sign? | A clinical sign of carpal spasm that is induced by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff to a pressure exceeding systolic blood pressure for 3 minutes. This is seen in hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia |
| What is thyroid crisis or thyroid storm? | A serious complication following thyroidectomy that results in large amounts of thyroid hormones being released into the blood stream. This presents with exaggerated hyperthyroidism signs, nausea and vomiting, severe tachycardia, severe hypertension and hyperthermia, extreme restlessness, dysrhythmia and delirium may occur |
| What are the goals of thyroid storm management? | 1)To induce normal thyroid state 2)To prevent cardiovascular collapse 3)Prevent excessive hyperthermia |
| What is hypothyroidism? | A condition in which thyroid function is reduced and metabolic processes slow. It is the most common medical disorder in the US. |
| What are some causes of hypothyroidism? | Autoimmune response, radiation therapy, pituitary disorders and iodine deficiency |
| What is cretinism? | Congenital hypothyroidism |
| What is myxedema? | Severe hyperthyroidism characterized by edema of the hands, face, feet and periorbital tissue |
| What are the manifestations of hypothyroidism? | Decreased temperature, cold intolerance, weight gain, atherosclerotic changes resultant of decreased cardiac output and contractility, decreased exercise tolerance, dyspnea on exertion, mood swings, infertility, acute fatigue and depression |
| How is hypothyroidism diagnosed? | Primarily based on physical examination and history as well as TSH levels |
| How is Hypothyroidism treated? | Hormone replacement(levothyroxine) |